Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 7

Front 1

Tendons, made of fibrous connective tissue, merge with the ________ that covers the muscle and with the ________

Back 1

fascia
Periosteum (the fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers bones)

Front 2

What is the more immobile attachment called?
What is the movable attachment called?

Back 2

Origin

Insertion

Front 3

What is an antagonist muscle?

Back 3

Muscle with opposing or opposite functions

(biceps, and triceps)

Front 4

What is a synergistic muscle?

Back 4

muscles with the same function
(biceps brachii, brachialis)

Front 5

The nerve impulses for movement (contraction of skeletal muscle) comes from where?

Back 5

the frontal lobes of the cerebrum

Front 6

what is it when antagonistic muscles on front and back of the thigh or lower leg alternate contractions and relaxation to make steps smooth and efficient?

Back 6

coordination

Front 7

What part of the brain coordinates voluntary movement?

Back 7

Cerebellum

Front 8

A muscle in a state of slight contraction is called?

Back 8

muscle tone

Front 9

Where is the alternate muscle fiber contractions regulated?

Back 9

Cerebellum

Front 10

Heat generated by normal muscle tone makes up what percent of total body heat at rest?

Back 10

25%

Front 11

What is Isotonic exercise

Back 11

muscle contraction with movement, usually against a resistance.
ex. lifting weights

Front 12

What is Isometric exercise?

Back 12

Contraction without movement

Front 13

What is the brain's ability to know where our muscles are and what they are doing w/out having to consciously look at them?

Back 13

Muscle sense (proprioception)

Front 14

What are the functions of
1. Stretch receptors

2. sensory receptors

Back 14

1. detect changes in length of muscle as it is stretched

2. detect changes

Front 15

Where is the impulse for muscle sense integrated?

Back 15

parietal lobes of the cerebrum (conscious muscle sense) and in the cerebellum (uncouncious muscle sense)

Front 16

What is the primary direct source of energy for muscles?

What is the secondary source?

Back 16

ATP

Creatine phosphate and glycogen

Front 17

What is the most abundant energy source in muscle fibers?

Back 17

Glycogen

Front 18

what are the two sources of oxygen to muscle fibers?

Back 18

1. hemoglobin of blood transports oxygen

2. protein myoglobin stores oxygen within muscle cells
(both contain iron)

Front 19

What happens when muscles run out of oxygen (oxygen debt)?

Back 19

1.glucose cannot be completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water.
2. Glucose is converted to lactic acid which causes muscle fatigue

Front 20

Each muscle fiber has its own nerve ending called the _____

Back 20

neuromuscular junction

Front 21

______is the enlarged tip of the motor neron and what does it contain?

Back 21

axon terminal; sacs of neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Front 22

what is membrane of muscle fiber called?

Back 22

sarcolemma

Front 23

what are the individual contracting units within muscle fibers called?

Back 23

sarcomeres

Front 24

Sarcomeres are arranged end to end in cylinders called ____

Back 24

myofibrils

Front 25

What are the end boundries of a sarcomere called?

Back 25

Z lines

Front 26

Filaments of myosin and actin are found where within the sarcomere?

Back 26

Myosin is found in the center

actin at the ends attached to Z lines

Front 27

Myosin and actin are proteins that do what?

Back 27

produce muscle contraction

Front 28

What are troponin and tropomyosin part of and what do they do?

Back 28

actin filaments; prevent sliding of actin and myosin when muscle fiber is relaxed

Front 29

What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Back 29

reservior for calcium ions

Front 30

During polarization what charge does inside and outside of cell have?

Back 30

Outside is positive
inside is negative

Front 31

Sodium ions on the outside tend to diffue into cell. what pumps them out?

Back 31

sodium pump

Front 32

Potassium ions tend to diffuse outside...what pumps the back in?

Back 32

Potassium pump

Front 33

what is a tetanus?

Back 33

sustained muscle contraction that is necessary for normal movement

Front 34

The neuromuscular junction refers to what 3 parts?

Back 34

axon terminal, synapse, and sarcolemma

Front 35

The energy of ATP is released within muscle fibers by?

Back 35

myosin

Front 36

What is a single muscle cell covered by?

Back 36

connective tissue sheath

Front 37

A group of muscle cells bound together with a band or sheath they are called what?

Back 37

vassicle

Front 38

A group of vassicles are bound by what?

Back 38

Muscle fascia (this unit is the name of the muscle, biceps etc.)

Front 39

What are the 9 steps of muscle contraction?
# 1.

Back 39

Action potential travels down the axon of the nerve and ends at the neuromuscular junction

Front 40

# 2

Back 40

Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction

Front 41

#3

Back 41

Sodium ions rush in Acetlycholine binds to receptors which open sodium channels.momentarily changing the polarity of the muscle cell membrane to positive on the inside and negative on the outside

Front 42

#4

Back 42

Sodium ions rush in momentarily changing the polarity of the muscle cell membrane to positive on the inside and negative on the outside.

Front 43

#5.

Back 43

the action potential travels in a wave along the cell membrane and down the T-tubules

Front 44

#6

Back 44

action potential causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium next to the actin and myosin filaments

Front 45

#7.

Back 45

calcium then binds to triponin tropomyosin causing it to change it's shape and open up the myosin crossbridge binding site

Front 46

#8.

Back 46

the myosin crossbridge immediatly binds and ratchets causing the actin and myosin filaments to slide past one another

Front 47

#9.

Back 47

ATP is used to release the actin and myosin and to recock the myosin crossbridge to it's resting state.