Anatomy And Physiology (Chapter 3)

Front 1

Cells

Back 1

- Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life.

- The building blocks of all living things.

Front 2

Tissues

Back 2

- Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life

- Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Front 3

Anatomy of the Cell

Back 3

- Cells are not all the same

- All cells share general structures

- All cells have three main regions:

× Nucleus

× Cytoplasm

× Plasma Membrane

Front 4

Nucleus

Back 4

- Control center of the cell; contains genetic material (DNA)

- Three regions:

× Nuclear envelope (membrane)

× Nucleolus

× Chromatin

Front 5

Nuclear Envelope (membrane)

Back 5

- Barrier of the nucleus

- Consists of a double membrane

- Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

Front 6

Nucleoli

Back 6

- Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli

- Sites of ribosomes assembly

- Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

Front 7

Chromatin

Back 7

- Composed of DNA and protein

- Present when the cell is not dividing

- Scattered throughout the nucleus

- Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

Front 8

Plasma Membrane

Back 8

- Barrier for cell contents

- Double phospholid layer

× Hydrolic heads

× Hydrophobic tails

- Also contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins

Front 9

Microvilli

Back 9

Finger-like proteins that increase surface area for absorption

Front 10

Tight Junctions

Back 10

- Impermeable junctions

- Bind cells together into leak proof sheets

Front 11

Desmosomes

Back 11

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

Front 12

Gap Junctions

Back 12

Allow communications between cells

Front 13

Cytoplasm

Back 13

- The material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

- Contains three major elements:

× Cytosol

× Organelles

× Inclusions

Front 14

Cytosol

Back 14

Fluid that suspends other elements

Front 15

Organelles

Back 15

- Metabolic machinery of the cell

- "Little organs" that perform functions for the cell

Front 16

Inclusions

Back 16

Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products

Front 17

Mitochondria

Back 17

- "Powerhouse" of the cell

- Change shape continuously

- Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food

- Provides ATP for cellular energy

Front 18

Ribosomes

Back 18

- Made of protein and RNA

- Sites of protein synthesis

- Found at two locations:

× Free in the cytoplasm

× Part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 19

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 19

- Fluid-like tubulus for carrying substances

- Two types of ER

Front 20

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 20

- Studded with ribosomes

- Synthesis proteins

Front 21

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 21

Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

Front 22

Golgi Apparatus

Back 22

- Modifies and packages proteins

- Produces different types of packages:

× Secretory vesicles

× Cell membrane components

× Lysosomes

Front 23

Lysosomes

Back 23

Contain enzymes that digest worn-out or non usable materials within the cell

Front 24

Peroxisomes

Back 24

- Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes

× Detox harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde

× Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

- Replicate by pinching in half

Front 25

Cytoskeleton

Back 25

- Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm

- Provides the cell with an internal framework

- Three different types of elements:

× Microfilaments (largest)

× Intermediate filaments

× Microtubules (smallest)

Front 26

Centrioles

Back 26

- Rod shaped bodies made of microtubules

- Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

Front 27

Cilia

Back 27

- Move materials across the cell surface

- Located in the respiratory system to move mucus

Front 28

Flagella

Back 28

- Propel the cell

- The only flagellated cell in the human body is sperm

Front 29

Membrane Transport

Back 29

Movement of substances into and out of the cell.

- Two basic methods of transport:

× Passive - No energy required

× Active - Cell must provide metabolic energy (ATP)

Front 30

Solution

Back 30

Homogenous mixture of two or more components

Front 31

Solvent

Back 31

Dissolving medium; typically water in the body

Front 32

Solute

Back 32

Components in smaller quantities within a solution

Front 33

Intracellular Fluid

Back 33

Nucleoplasm & cytosol

Front 34

Interstitial Fluid

Back 34

Fluid on the exterior of the cell

Front 35

Selective Permeability

Back 35

- The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while exchanging others

- This permeability influences movement both into and out of the cell

Front 36

Diffusion

Back 36

- Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution

- Movement is from high to low concentration or down a concentration gradient

Front 37

Simple Diffusion

Back 37

Unassisted process; solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores.

Front 38

Osmosis

Back 38

- Simple diffusion of water

- Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins.

Front 39

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 39

- Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport

- Transports lipid-insoluble and large substances

Front 40

Filtration

Back 40

- Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure

- A pressure gradient must exist

× Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area

Front 41

Active Transport Process

(solute pumping)

Back 41

- Substances are transported that are unable to pass by diffusion

× May be too large

× May not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane

× May have to move against a concentration gradient

- ATP is used for transport

× energizes protein carriers

- Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carriers called solute pumps

- In most cases, substances are moved against concentration gradients