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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy
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deals with the structure of body parts
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Physiology
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deals with the functions of the body parts
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Levels of Organization
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1. atoms 2. molecules 3. macromolecules 4. cell 5. organelles 6. tissue 7. organs 8. organ systems 9. organism
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metabolism
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all of the chemical reactions in cells that break down or build substances
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characteristics of life
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1. movement 2. responsiveness 3. growth 4. reproduction 5. respriration 6. digestion 7. absorption 8. circulation 9. assimilation 10. excretion
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movement
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change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ
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responsiveness
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reaction to a change inside or outside the body
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growth
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increase in body size without change in shape
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reproduction
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production of new organisms and new cells
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respiration
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obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods(some forms of life do not use oxygen in respiration)
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digestion
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breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used
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absorption
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passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
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circulation
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movement of substances in body fluids
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assimilation
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changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms
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excretion
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removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
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requirements of organisms
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1. water 2. foods 3. oxygen 4. heat 5. pressure
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water
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the most abundent chemical in the body. it is required for many metabolic processes and provides the environment in which most of them take place. water also transports substances within the organism and is important in regulating body temperature
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food
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substances that provide the body with necessary chemicals (nutrients) in addition to water. some of these chemicals are used as energy sources, others supply raw materials for building new living matter, and still others help regulate vital chemical reactions
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oxygen
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a gas that makes up about one-fifth of ordinary air. it is used to release energy from food substances. this energy, in turn, drive metabolic processes
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heat
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a from of energy. it is a prdouct of metabolic reactions, ad the degree of heat present partly determines the rate at which these reactions occur. the more hear, the more rapidly chemical reactions take place
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pressure
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application of force to something.
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atmospheric pressure
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this pressure is important in breathing
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hydrostatic pressure
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a pressure that a liquid exerts- due to the weight of water above them
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internal environment
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conditions within the fluid in the surrounding the body cells
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homeostasis
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the condition of a stable internal environment
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homeostatic mechanisms
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self-regulating control systems
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receptors
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provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment
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set point
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tells what particular value should be (such as body temperature)
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effectors
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cause responces that alter conditions in the internal environment
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negative feedback
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a mechanism actvated by an imbalance that corrects the imbalance
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appendicular
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portion which includes the upper and lower limbs
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cranial cavity
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houses the skull
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vertebral canal
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contains the spinal cord within the sections of the backbone
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thoracic cavity
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chest cavity
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abdominopelvic cavity
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the space between the diaphram and the lower portion of the trunk of the body
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viscera
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the organs within the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
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diaphragm
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the broad thin muscle that seperates the lower abdominopelvic cavity and the thoracic cavity
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mediastinum
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separates the thoracic cavity into two compartments, which contain the right and left lungs. the remaining thoracic viscera- heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland- are located here
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abdominal cavity
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the viscera include the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines
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pelvic cavity
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the portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the hip bones. it contains the terminal portion of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs.
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oral cavity
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contain the teeth and tongue
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nasal cavity
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located within the nose and divided into right and left portions by a nasal septum
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sinuses
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connect to the nasal cavity, contain the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses
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orbital cavities
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containing the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves
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middle ear cavities
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contain the middle ear bones
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parietal membrane
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refers to the membrane attached to the wall of a cavity
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vesceral membrane
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refers to the membrane that is deeper- toward the interior- and covers and internal organ, such as a lung
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pleural membranes
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serous membranes that enclose the lungs and line and chest wall. they are separated by a thin flim of watery fluid, while they secrete
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pericardial membranes
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surround the heart.
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visceral pericardium
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covers the hearts surface
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perietal pericardium
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a thicker membrane that is seperated from the vesceral pericardium by a small volume of fluid
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visceral peritoneum
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covers each organ in the addominal cavity
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peritoneal cavity
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potential space between the membranes
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integumentary system
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include the skin and various accessory organs such as, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
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skeletal system
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consists of bones, ligaments, ad cartilages. they provide the frameworks and protective shields for softer tissues
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muscular system
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provide forces that move body parts by contracting and pulling their ends closer together
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nervous system
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consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sence organs
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nerve impulses
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electrochemial signals
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endocrine system
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includes all the glands that secrete hormones
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hormones
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chemial messengers
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cardiovascular system
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includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood
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lymphatic system
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composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. this transports some of the tissue fluid back into the blood and carry fatty acids away from the digestive organs
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digestive system
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receive foods from the outside and break them down into simpler forms that can pass through cell membranes and be absorbed
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urinary system
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consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
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reproductive system
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produces new organisms
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anatomical position
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the body is standing erect, face forward, with the upper limbs at the sides and palms forward
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superior
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a body part is above another part or closer to the head
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inferior
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a body part is below another body part or is toward the feet
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anterior
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towards the front
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posterior
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toward the back
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medial
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divides the body into equal right and left halves
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lateral
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toward the side with respect the the imaginary midline
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proximal
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a body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part
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distal
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the body part is further away from the point of attachment to the trunk than another body part
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superficial
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near the surface
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deep
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more internal
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sagital plane
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divides the body into left and right portions
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transverse plane
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divides the body betiween top and bottom
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coronal plane
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divides the front and back
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epigastric region
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refers to the upper middle portion
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Left and right hypochondriac regions
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lie on each side of the epigsatric region
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umbilical region
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middle portion
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left and right lumbar regions
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lie on each side of the umbilical region
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hypogastric region
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lower middle portion
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left and right iliac regions
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lie on each side of the hypogastric region
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cephalic
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head
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frontal
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forehead
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orbital
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eye cavity
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buccal
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cheek
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mental
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chin
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otic
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ear
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nasal
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nose
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oral
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mouth
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cervical
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neck
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acromial
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point of shoulder
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sternal
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sternum
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axillary
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armpit
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pectoral
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chest
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mammary
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breast
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brachial
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arm
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antecubital
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front of elbow
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umbillical
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navel
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abdominal
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forearm
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carpal
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wrist
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palmer
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palm
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inguinal
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groin
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coxal
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hip
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digital
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finger
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genital
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reproductive organs
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patellar
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front of knee
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crural
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leg
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tarsal
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ankle
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pedal
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foot
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occipital
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back of head
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vertebral
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spinal column
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brachial
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arm
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dorsum
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cubital
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lumbar
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lower back
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sacral
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between hips
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gluteal
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buttocks
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perineal
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area between anus and reproductive organs
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femoral
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thigh
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popliteal
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back of knee
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crural
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leg
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plantar
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sole
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abdominal area
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broken up into right and left upper and lower quadrants
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