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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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matter is anything that has ... and occupies ...
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matter is anything that has weight and occupies space
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store energy is called
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potential energy
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energy in motion is called
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kinetic energy
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positive sub-atomic particles
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protons P+
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negative sub-atomic particles
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electrons E-
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neutral sub-atomic particles
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neutrons N
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13 most common elements of the human body
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, iodine, nitrogen, sulfur, iron, magnesium, sodium, calcium, chlorine
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bond that forms when two atoms share electrons
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covalent bond
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bond that forms when two atoms gain/lose electrons
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ionic bond
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if atom loses electron they become
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positively charged ion
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if atom gains an electron they become
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negatively charged ion
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reaction that releases energy
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exergonic
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reaction that absorbs energy
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endergonic
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a catalyst is
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a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction
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a solution with a pH above 7 is
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basic
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a solution with a pH below 7 is
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acidic
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a solution with a pH of 7 is
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neutral
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what does a buffer do to the pH of a solution?
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resists drastic changes to the pH composed of a weak acid and a salt that works as a base
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4 major types of organic compounds found in living things
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carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, protein
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contains c, h, o in a 1:2:1 ratio
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carbohydrates
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if atom gains an electron they become
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negatively charged ion
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reaction that releases energy
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exergonic
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reaction that absorbs energy
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endergonic
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a catalyst is
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a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction
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a solution with a pH above 7 is
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basic
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a solution with a pH below 7 is
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acidic
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a solution with a pH of 7 is
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neutral
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what does a buffer do to the pH of a solution?
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resists drastic changes to the pH composed of a weak acid and a salt that works as a base
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4 major types of organic compounds found in living things
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carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, protein
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contains c, h, o in a 1:2:1 ratio
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carbohydrates
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contains c, h, o in a 6:12:1 ratio
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lipids
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one of the 4 major types of organic compounds found in living things, contains c, h, o, n, p
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nucleic acid
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one of the 4 major types of organic compounds found in living things, contains c, h, o, n
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protein
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sub types of carbohydrates
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monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
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sub types of lipids
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fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, phospholipids, steroids
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sub types of nucleic acid
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dna, rna, atp
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sub types of protein
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amino acids, enzymes
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what is an enzyme and how does it work
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it's a special protein that lowers activation energy requirements by binding with a substrate so reactions can take place
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smallest stable unit of matter
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atoms, composed of subatomic particles
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the number of protons and element has is its
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atomic number
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the electron shell is the
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energy level
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what is an element
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a pure substance with atoms of only one kind
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what is an isotope
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it's an element that has the same amount of protons but a different number of neutrons which changes the mass
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what is halflife
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the time required for half of a given amount of the isotope to decay
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what is atomic weight
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the actual mass of an atom, expressed in daltons
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what is an ion
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atoms or moleclues that carry an electric charge
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cations have what charge
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positive
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anions have what charge
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negative
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unequal sharing of an electron in a covalent bond causes
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polarity, which makes it hydrophilic (water loving) ex. water, sugar
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equal sharing of an electron in a covalent bond causes
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non-polarity, which makes it hydrophobic (water fearing) ex. oils, fats
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hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between
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polar compounds such as water, sugars, alcohols, proteins, nucleic acids
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what is a molecule
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chemical structure consisting of atoms held by covalent bonds
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what is a compound
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pure chemical substance of atoms of two or more different elements
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a molecule must use a ... bond
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covalent
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a non polar covalent bond is
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two atoms of the same type
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kinetic energy is
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energy of motion, can be transferred through another object and perform work
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potential energy is
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stored energy, has potential to do work
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5 forms of energy
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chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant, heat
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starting material is
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reactants
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ending material is
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products
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A + B --> AB
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Synthesis or anabolism, uses dehydration
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AB --> A + B
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decomposition or catabolism, uses hydrolysis
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AB + CD --> AD + CB
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exchange
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enzyme pathway is
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series of controlled reactions that lead to a product
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nutrients are
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elements and molecules obtained from diet
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metabolites are
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all molecules that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions in the body
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5 major inorganic compounds
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water, salts (electrolytes), concentration units, colloids (suspensions), respiration gases
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gas important to metabolic reactions
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O2
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gas product of cell metabolism
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CO2
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important properties of water
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high heat vaporization, cushioning, reactivity, lubrication, polar solvent, high heat capacity
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ionic compounds that dissolve into water, make solutions, will conduct electrical current
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salts (electrolytes)
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avagadro's number
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6.023 x 10 ^23
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formula for pH
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pH= -log[H+]
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acid is
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any solute that dissociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions, lowering the pH
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bases are
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solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution and releases hydroxide, usually proton acceptors
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salt is
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ionic compound of any cation except hydrogen and any anion except hydroxide
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equation for strong acid and strong base
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H+ + OH- --> H2O
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purpose of monosaccharides
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energy source
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2 main types of monosaccharides
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glucose and fructose
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purpose of disaccharides
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energy sourse after disassembly through hydrolysis
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2 main types of disaccharides
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sucrose and lactose
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purpose of polysaccharides
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storage of glycogen
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3 main types of polysaccharides
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glycogen (animal), starch (plant), cellulose (fiber)
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building up involves ...., breaking down involves ....
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building up involves dehydration synthesis, breaking down involves hydrolysis
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2 types of fatty acids
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saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid
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difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
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saturated fatty acid: each carbon atom has four single covalent bonds, unsaturated: one or more of the single covalent bonds has been replaced by a double covalent bond.
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function and derivement of eicosanoids
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derived from a 20c fatty acid and perform as "local hormones"
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function and derivement of glycerides
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derived from glycerol + fatty acid and functions as long term energy storage, insulation, protection
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3 types of glycerides
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monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides
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phospholipids glycolipids are made of
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diglyceride and a charged phosphate group, and diglyceride and a carb (sugar)
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function of phospholipids and glycolipids
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build cell membrane structures
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derivement and function of steroids
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multiple ringed structures, derived from cholesterol. function as hormones (testosterone, estrogen), vitamin D, stabilize cell membranes
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proteins are made up of
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20 different forms of amino acids
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amino acids made up of
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C, H, amino group, carboxyl acid group linked by a peptide bond
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folding levels of proteins
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primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary
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primary folding
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linear sequence of AA, length of single polypeptide
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secondary folding pattern
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local pattern folding, alpha helix, beta sheet, random coil, triple coil (collagen)
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tertiary folding pattern
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large scale 3-D folding, globular (functional- enzymes, hemoglobin, antibodies), linear (structural- keratin, collagen, elastin)
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tertiary folding held together by
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H-bonding, ionic attractions, oily interactions
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quaternary folding pattern
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multiple polypeptide chains
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enzyme shape
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globular protein, 3-D shape (tertiary) includes active site where substrates bind
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enzyme helper compounds
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cofactor (inorganic mineral), coenzyme (organic vitamin)
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saturation limit
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substrate concentration required to have maximum rate of reaction
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specificity
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each enzyme catalizes one type of reaction
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isoenzyme
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enzyme with different structure that catalyze same reaction
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glycoprotein
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large proteins with small car groups; enzymes, antibodies, makes mucus
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proteoglycan
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large polysaccharide molecule linked by polypeptide chains
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purpose of nucleic acid
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store and process information at molecular level inside cells
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5 nitrogenous bases of nucleic acid
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a, g, c, t (dna only), u (rna only)
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complementary baseparis of dna
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AT, CG
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structure and function of dna
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double helix strands, stores genetic information
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structure and function of rna
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single strand, expresses genetic information
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structure and function of atp
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single base (A), energy capture and release
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3 types of rna
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rna (messenger), rrna (ribosomal), trna (transfer)
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energy currency of the cell
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atp
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covalent bond whose breakdown releases energy for the cell
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high energy bond
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high energy bond connecting phosphate group to organic molecule
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high energy compound
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continuous removal and replacment of molecules
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metabolic turnover
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attachment from phosphate group to another molecule
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phosphorylation
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adp + phosphate group + energy =?
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atp + h2o
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