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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
_____= system made up of a group of ductless glands that secrete hormones
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endocrine system
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_____= chemical substances that are produced by DUCTLESS GLANDS, RELEASED into blood, CARRIED to other parts of the body, where they PRODUCE A SPECIFIC AFFECT
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hormone
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____= hormone is transported via the blood TO target organ
_____= hormone is secreted to the EXTERIOR of the body where it interacts with a target organ ( ex: hormones secreted into the lumen of the digestive tract) |
endocrine route
exocrine route |
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____= hormone secreted into the space BETWEEN the cells and interstitial fluid carries them to the target organ ( hormones often effect neighboring cells)
_____= Hormone PRODUCED BY THE CELL regulates the activity of the cell that produced it |
paracrine
autocrine |
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____= hormones diffuse through synaptic clefts similar to NEUROtransmitters
____= hormone passes through GAP JUNCTIONS ( between) cells and alters the functions of adjacent cells |
neurocrine
epicrine |
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Hormones are different according to chemical structure...
Types... ____= proteins ____= modifications of tyrosine ____= cholesterol |
peptides/proteins
amines/ tyrosine steroids/ cholesterol |
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Peptide hormones and amines are stored in secretory granules by ______ cells.
Steroid hormones must be synthesized!!! (not stored) |
endocrine
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How are peptides, steroids, amines different structurally?
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peptides- are proteins
steroids- synthesis begins with cholesterol as substrate ( cholesterol has carbon atoms arranged in adjoining 4 rings, and ring structure is common to all steroid hormones) amines- biochemical modifications of a single amino acid, tyrosine |
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___= that tissue which is able to respond to a hormone, and contains receptors specific to that hormone
____= complex of protein structures designed to bind a hormone to elicit its cellular effects ( found in cell membrane/nucleus) -- receptor for a specific hormone must be present for a cell to respond to the hormone |
target organ
receptors |
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What are the hormones not secreted by endocrine glands? and where found?
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gastrin- wall of stomach, stimulates release of gastrice juices from gastric glands
secretin- wall of small intestine, stimulates secretion of intestinal/pancreatic juices erythropoietin- kidney, stimulates boone marrow |
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___= hormones with receptors found in the cell membrane, response is rapid and quickly can be reversed, contains secondary messengers( cell components that bring abt a desired effect of hormone AFTER binding of hormone to receptor)
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peptide hormones
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_____= hormone with receptors found in the cytoplasm/nucleus, biological responses are slow, but last longer than peptide hormones, hormone binding triggers transcription of DNA which leads to mRNA for specific proteins to be produces
increase in protein production brings abt desred effect of hormone |
steroid hormones
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What are the major endocrine glands?
- their only function is to produce hormones.... |
pituitary gland
thryoid gland parathryroid gland adrenal gland |
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____= gland containing CRH,GnRH, GHRH, TRH
- synthesizes oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone, but is stored/released by the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) - stimulates release of various hormones from anterior pituitary |
hypothalamus
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____= gland that contains hormones that generally affect the function of many organs in a variety of systems
has 2 tissues/lobes anterior/posterior anterior- adenohypophysis posterior- neurohypophysis |
pituitary gland
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____= gland that contains the hormones ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, TSH, PRL
-ACTH- stimulates release of hormones from adrenal glands -LH/FSH- regulate male/female repro processes -GH- growth hormone- most tissues respond |
anterior pituitary
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____= gland with hormones oxytocin, and ADH ( antidiuretic hormone)
- _____= pos feedback regulation- helps propel fetus, affects mammary glands ( milk let down) ____- involved with kidney function ( water retention) |
posterior pituitary
oxytocin ADH |
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____= glad that secretes Thryroid hormones T3 and T4, tyrosine based, contains iodine, and calcitonin
____= triidothyronine ____= thyroxine ____= ( increases BMR, and most tissues have receptors) ____= peptide hormone that helps control calcium |
thyroid gland
T3 T4 T3 calcitonin |
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discuss how calcitonin and PTH regulate plasma calcium levels?
_____= this hormone comes into affect when plasma calcium levels are high, lower the osteoclast activity- it decreases the calcium in the blood bc the osteoclasts are slowed down _____= hormone raises the activity of osteoclasts, so it raises the level of calcium in the blood |
calcitonin
PTH |
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____= deficit in thyroid hormone; animals do not attain normal stature and have CNS abnormalities
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hypothyroidism
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In colder temp regions, animals have _____ levels of thyroid hormones in an effort to raise metabolic rate and heat the body
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high
increased thryoid activity leads to increaded body heat (way of thermal regulation) |
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____= instance when glands of the thryoid swell to produce more hormones; neck swells
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hyperthyroidism
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____= gland that secretes PTH to raise activity of osteoclasts, so increases in blood calcium
-lowers phosphorus in blood - stimulates release of Ca and P from bone (increases osteoclasts.osteocytes) -promotes formation of vit D in kidney *** diets low in Ca will stimulate PTH release |
parathryoid
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____= decalcification of bone
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osteoporosis
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___= increased Ca is released from the bone
-leads to deformities and osteoporosis -rickets in young animals |
hyperparathyroidism
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____= contains the hormone glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoids
___- hormone of adrenal cortex that enhances the production or conversion of glucose ____= regulated Na and K levels in the blood |
adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids |
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____= gland containing the catecholamines( epiniephrine and norepinephrine)- have a variety of functions in different organs, but mostly prepares animals in fight/flight response
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adrenal medulla
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___= gland that contains insulin (b cells) and glucagon (a cells), and somatostatin
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pancreas
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effects of pancreatic hormones on the blood glucose levels....
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insulin= decreases the blood glucose levels
glucagon- increases the blood glucose somatostatin- slows mobilization and production of nutrients- helps nutrients get to the right places |
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Full explanation of what happens when an animal eats?
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glucose levels rise when animal eats carbs/sugar etc
glucose is absorbed into the digestive tract into capillary beds islets release insulin and blood glucose levels decrease (takes 4-5 hrs)- insulin increases glucose hormone receptors for glucose so that glucose can be absorbed by the cell glucose is absorbed by the cell until it is full glucose binds, and forms glycogen- muscles/liver glycogenesis occurs- how glucose levels are lowered and it become glycogen glycogenolysis- breakage of glycogen so glucose molecules become available again and ready to be used |
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___= gland with the key hormone of melatonin ( regulates sleep/wake cycle)
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pineal gland
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What are the 2 feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone levels. discus..
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neg feedback regulation
pos feedback regulation |
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____= regulation; rising levels of hormone causes a biologic response to INHIBIT further release (ex: estrogen stops FSH,and progesterone stops LH)
_____= regulation type seen less frequently; hormones cause a response that produces an increase in the releasing of a hormone (oxytocin affects mammary glands) |
neg feedback regulation
pos feedback regulation |