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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
___= continuous perception of sensory stimuli
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sensation
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___= means by which the nervous system receive info abt external/internal environment, or the position/mvt of the body
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sensory system
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___= specialized cell/nerve endings that detect internal/external environment
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sensory receptors
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Special sense organs...
___=gustation ___= olfaction ___=vision ___= audition ____= vestibular sensation |
taste
smell sight hearing equilibrium |
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___= (body surfaces/muskuloskeletal elemnts)- pain,touch, temp, proprioception
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somatosensation
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__= mechanism by way NS changes environmental energy to electrical activity in the neurons
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transduction
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2 kinds of sensory receptors...
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unencapsulated
encapsulates |
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Perception of pain...
___=pain enhanced ___= pain dampened |
hyperalgesia
endorphins |
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What are the 5 different types of sensory receptors?
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mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors nociceptors photoreceptors chemoreceptors |
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types of receptors
______= responsible for stretch, mvt, position ______= responsible for dull, sharp pain _____= responsible for temperature ______= responsible for light ______= responsible for taste, smell, pH |
mechanoreceptors
nociceptors thermoreceptors photoreceptors chemoreceptors |
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What is the difference btw encapsulated and unencapsulated receptors?
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encapsulated= dendrites w/ a glial cell wrap or connective tissue covering (meissners corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles in skin)
unencapsulated= sensory dendrites that lack a connective tissue wrapping (free nerve endings and hair receptors) |
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_____ receptors tend to have a structure that is specialized to detect a specific stimulus
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sensory
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_____ receptors have sensory dendrites that lack a connective tissue wrapping.
____ receptors are dendrites with a glial cell wrap or connective tissue covering |
unencapsulated
encapsulated |
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Examples of encapsulated receptors?
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Meissners corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles in skin
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Examples of unencapsulated /naked receptors?
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free nerve endings and hair receptors
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____= perception of mvt and position
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proprioception
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explain the perception of pain...how is it mutable?
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it is the conscious perception of noxious stimuli (noxious- cause tissue associated damage)
-noxious stimuli capable of causing tissue damage (thermal, chemical, mechanical) -nociceptor is the receptor for nocious stimuli that is a naked nerve ending - perception of pain is a mutable property- it can either be enhanced or dampered by these two(hyperalgesia/endorphins) |
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mutable properties of pain
____= enhances pain ____= dampenes/lessens pain |
hyperalgesia
endorphins |
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____ receptors sense proprioception. where are they found?(4)
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specialized
joint receptors ( synovial joints), muscle spindles( in skel muscle fibers), golgi tendon organs( tension), skin mechanoreceptors(skin) |
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what are the 2 chemical senses?
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gustation/ taste
olfaction/smell |
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____ is the sensation of taste
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gustation
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____ cells are specialized receptors on the topngue and throat
_____= structures constituting taste cells and supporting cells * taste buds confined in papillae(tiny projections); vallate, foliate and fungiform |
taste cells
taste buds |
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What are the 5 tastes of gustation?
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sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami( sense MSG)
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What 3 cranial nerves are involved in gustation?
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CN- cranial nerve VII( facial)
IX ( glossopharyngeal) nerve X ( vagus) nerve |
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____= external environment receptors
____= internal environment receptors ____= receptors for position and mvt of the body |
exteroception
interoception proprioception |
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____ receptors are specialized cells/nerve endings that detect internal/external environment
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sensory
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____= mechanism by which NS changes environmental energy to electrical activity of neurons
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transduction
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_____ means pain
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nocir
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____ is another word for smell
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olfaction
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____= hard palate/nasal cavity that has receptors for pheromones- important in reproduction
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vomeronasal organ (stallions lift upper lip when smelling pheromones od female)
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T/F olfactory epithelium is pseudostratified
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T
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explain how smell is sensed?
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olfactory nerve dendrites have olfactory cilia that bind the odors to them (liquid form).
The odor is relayed to the olfactory nerve axon which synapses dendrites of the olfactory bulb of the brain |
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what specialized structures assist with the sense of smell?
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olfactory epithelium
olfactory nerves/dendrites olfactory cilia ---> olfactory nerve axon--> olfactory bulb--> brain |
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T/F- the sense of smell generated emotions/behaviors
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T
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What are the 3 anatomic parts of the ear
-2 functions of the ear? |
external, middle, inner
hearing-cochlea assists balance- semicircular canals/vestibular apparatus |
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____ means "shell' in latin
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cochlea
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what makes up the external , middle, inner parts of the ear?
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external- pinna, external ear canal
middle- tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, 3 middle ear ossicles ( malleus, incus, stapes) and tensor tympani and stapedius muscles( found around ossicles and protect ossicles inner- within temporal bone, multichambered membranous sac( membranous labyrinth) and 3 parts- utriculus/sacculus, semicircular ducts, cochlear duct, |
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___= fluid inside ducts of inner ear
___= Fluid outside ducts of inner ear |
endolymph
perilymph |
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____= part of the external ear made of auricular cartilage/funnel shaped elastic cartilage that provides shape
_____= tubular extension of the pinna to tympanic membrane; modified sebaceous/seruminous glands found here - captures/structurally important for sound localization |
pinna/ear pinna
external acoustic/ear canal |
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The _____ ear is filled with air.
____ is lined by mucous membrane in temporal lobe, is closed to the external environment by the tympanic membrane |
air
tympanic cavity |
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___= part of the middle ear, shaped like a hammer, attaches to the tympanic membrane and connects to the incus
____= looks like an anvil and connected to the stapes ____= looks like a stirrup; footplate attaches to the oval window of inner ear where it creates ossicilations in the scala vestibuli |
Malleus
Incus Stapes |
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What are the 2 muscles of the middle ear that are found around ossicles and protect them
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tensor tympani
stapedius |
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Middle ear open into the ___ and it allows for air to enter the middle ear
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nasal pharynx or auditory tube
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___= located within temporal bone, made of multichambered membranous sacs; detects sound and acceleration of head
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internal ear
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____= multichambered membranous sac; system of fluid filled sacs and ducts and has 3 major parts
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membranous labyrinth
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___= the 2 enlargements of the membranous labyrinth
___= 3 loops of the membranous labyrinth ____= spirals of the membranous labyrinth (bony part=___) ( ____= inside bony part cochlea=____) |
utriculus/sacculus
semicircular ducts cochlear ducts cochlea cochlear duct |
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___= spiraling chamber of bony labyrinth; looks like a snails shell and spirals around
-- has 3 seperate chambers lined with a membranous labyrinth- what are they? |
cochlea
scala vestibuli cochlear duct scala tympani |
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___= filled with perilymph and abuts the oval window
___= filled with endolymph and contains the organ of corti ___= filled with perilymph abuts round window |
scala vesibuli
cochlear duct scala tympani |
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____= houses receptors for sensing sound waves- "hair cells"
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Organ of Corti
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___=earwax
What structures produce it? Where is it found? |
cerumen
sebaceous/ ceruminous glands external ear canal |
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What is the function of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles?
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protect the ossicle from loud noises by dampening vibrations
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____ nerve endings are wodely distributed and are sensitive mainly to painful/noxious stimuli
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nonencapsulated/naked
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___= mutible property phenomenon wherein the perception of pain in injired tissue is increased ( ex: sunburned skin- the inflammation of the skin lowers the threshold of nociceptors so that even light touch/clothing can activate them)
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hyperalgesia
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_____= transmitters with powerful antinociceptive properties so that pain is dampened or less noticeable ( twitch applied to a horse during a painful/irritating procedure releases endorphins so that the horse calms, lowers the heart rate, and pain is less noticeable)
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endorphins
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____= is the modality associated with dissolved substances contacting specialized receptor cells on the tongue and throat region
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taste/gustation
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taste buds are not distributed evenly on the tongue; they are confined to specific forms of papillae ( tiny projections), the _____, ____, and _____; which are found on the tongue (greates number), soft palate, parts of the pharynx, and epiglottis
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vallate, foliate, and fungiform papillae
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____= are scattered a,ong supporting cells throughout the olfactory mucosa in the dorsocaudal part of the nasal cavity
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olfactory sensory neurons
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___= chemical substances that can influence the behavior of other individuals- important in reproductive behaviors
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pheromones
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The 2 muscles of the middle ear, the tensor tympani and stapedius, do what?
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Dampen vibrations of the auditory ossicles in the presence of excessively loud nouse( contribute to temporary reduced hearing after a loud concert)
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What are the 2 major divisions of the inner ear?
Which one contribute to hearing... to balance and equilibrium... |
cochlea (hearing)
vestibular system/ semicurcular canals (balance) |
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Physiology of hearing...
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Sound waves travel down the pinna to the tympanic membrane.
the ossicles transfer vibrations to vestibular window. The vibrations are transferred to liquid (perilymph) in upper (scalla vestibuli) and lower (scala tympani) galleries of the cochlea. Sound waves/vibrations then move fluid and therefore the basilar membrane. The organ of corti houses the receptors for sensing these sound waves/mechanoreceptors/hair cells. Vibrations move these hairs which are embedded in the tectorial membrane- shearing force triggers action potential. The action potential signals out the spiral ganglion and cochelar nerve |
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____= system of complex neurologic system that is concerned with maintaining a stable orientation in relation to gravity and motion; responsible for refelx position of eyes, neck, trunk, and limbs in reference to mvt oor position of the head
____= receptor organs of this system are housed in this part of the membranous labyrinth _____ =receptors of the utriculus and sacculus ____= receptors of the semicircular ducts ** info from these structures give rise to motor reflexes that maintain stable visual images during mvt of the head, to keep the head level with respect to gravity thru neck mvts, and produce trunk/limb mvts to countreact displacement of the head |
vesibular system
vestibular apparatus maculae crista ampullares |
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physiology of balance and equilibrium
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** info from these structures give rise to motor reflexes that maintain stable visual images during mvt of the head, to keep the head level with respect to gravity thru neck mvts, and produce trunk/limb mvts to countreact displacement of the head
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The maculae consist of a population of hair cells like those of the spiral organ and are covered by a gelatinous sheet, ______, into which the cilia of the hair cells project. The surface of this membrane is studded with crystals of calcium carbonate, ______ which increase the intertial mass of the otolithic membrane
- senses linear acceleration bc cilia moves in direction of the mvt - only present in utricle and saccule |
otolithic membrane
otoliths |
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Each semicircular duct of the membranous labbyrinth, is filled with ____, and surrounded by ____.
The semicircular ducts detect _____ acceleration. |
perilymph
endolymph angular/rotation |
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At the end of each semicircular duct,there is a dilated area called the ____, which houses the receptor organs of the semicircular ducts.
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ampulla
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What forms the membranous labyrinth?
functions? |
utriculus/sacculus-linear acceleration
semicircular ducts- angular acceleration/rotation cochlear duct- hearing |
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Where are specialized hair cells found within the ear?
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spiral organ/organ of corti
utriculus/sacullus---> macula semicircular canals-->ampulla---> cristae ampullares |
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____= soft tissue structure of the eye, (glands/muscle that act on the eye)
Examples- |
ocular adnexa
eyelids, third eyelid, lacrimal apparatus, conjunctiva |
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Tears in an animal drain from the lacrimal apparatus from the eye and into the nose thru the nasolacrimal duct
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the reason a dogs nose is always wet
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What are the 3 layers/tunics of the eyeball?
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fibrous- outermost
vascular- middle nerve- inner most |
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What makes up the fibrous tunic?
vascular? nerve tunic? |
fibrous- sclera, cornea
vascular- choroid, ciliary body, iris nerve- retina |
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What are the humors of the eye and where found?
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aqueous-in front of the lens
vitreous- behind the lens |
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What factors or characteristics of the cornea allow light to pass thru easily?
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transparent- transparent bc of the following
lack of vascular elements lack of pigment dehydration of collagenous tisse smooth surface laminar pattern of collagen |
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Why do nocturnal animals see better at night, which see better dogs or cats?
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they have larger corneas to increase light transmission
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____= part of the eye that focuses light onto the retina
-muscles in ciliary body allow the lens to change shape- can flatten (cats) |
lens
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____= term for allowing the lens to change shape as seen in cats
- allows for close vision by tightening the ciliary muscles, allowing the pliable lens to become more rounded - allows for distant vision by allowing the muscles to relax and lens to flatten/lengthen |
accomodation
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___= controls how much light gets into the eye by regulating the size of the pupil
- horizontal in domestic herbivores and pigs - vertical/elliptical in cats - circular in dogs |
iris
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what are the 2 sets of smooth muscles that control the iris in the eye?
which is parasympathetic/why? sympathetic/why? What are the masses of color in this part of the eye (seen in horses)? |
circular -parasympathetic- relaxed state
radial-sympathetic- grows in size so animal can see better corpora nigra |
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Where is the aqueous humor formed/located and what is its functions?
vitreous humor? |
aqueous- formed behind the iris, but seen in posterior and anterior chambers; provided nutrients to cornea and lens, removes waste, maintains pressure
vitreous- located behind the lens, helps in maintaining pressure; aids in vision bc light passes thru this to the retina |
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___= part of the eye that contains the photoreceptors; the most important part of the eye
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retina
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Photoreceptors come in 2 types...they are classified according to their shape
what are they and what do they allow the animal to see? What part of this area is visible with the ophthalmoscope? |
rods- black and white ( high in domestic animals)
cones- color ( seen in birds) ** domestic animals see some color, but mostly black and white ocular fundus |
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What is the blindspot?
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axons go to the optic disc and optic nerve, but at optic disc, there are no photoreceptors
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How does the eye adapt to light? in darkness?
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in darkness there is an increased concentration of rhodopsin, so increased diameter of pupil (visual reflex)
-tapetum is the reflective layer of the choroid that allows the light to be reflected again (eyeshine of deer) |
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____- found in the rod cells of the retina and is light sensitive ( the key to night vision)
___= layer in the wall of the eye of nocturnal animals and reflects light back on to the retina, enhances vision in dim light (bluish in color) |
rhodopsin
tapetum |
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____= tough outer coating of the eye that forms the white of the eye( fibrous/dense)
_____= membrane of eye btw retina and sclera- vascular- contains blood vessels ____= layer of nervous tissue in the back of the eye that senses light and sends images to the brain (nerve tunic) ____= covers the pupil and iris- transparent membrane (fibrous) |
sclera
choroid retina cornea |