Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Largest and uppermost portion of the brain
|
Cerebrum
|
|
|
Outer layer of the cerebrum
|
Cortex
|
|
|
Divided into two hemispheres, which are subdivided into lobes
|
Cerebrum
|
|
|
Site for conscious thought, memory, reasoning, and abstract mental functions, all localized within specific lobes
|
Cortex
|
|
|
Located between the cerebrum and the brain stem
|
Diencephalon
|
|
|
Contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus
|
Diencephalon
|
|
|
Sorts and redirects sensory input
|
Thalamus
|
|
|
Maintains homeostasis, controls autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
Anterior region below the cerebrum
|
Brain stem
|
|
|
Located below the center of the cerebrum
|
Midbrain
|
|
|
Connects cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord
|
Brain stem
|
|
|
Has reflex centers concerned with vision and hearing
|
Midbrain
|
|
|
Connects cerebrum with lower portions of the brain
|
Midbrain
|
|
|
Anterior to the cerebellum
|
Pons
|
|
|
Connects cerebellum with other portions of the brain
|
Pons
|
|
|
Helps to regulate respiration
|
Pons
|
|
|
Located between the pons and the spinal cord
|
Medulla Oblongata
|
|
|
Links the brain with the spinal cord
|
Medulla Oblongata
|
|
|
Has centers for control of vital functions, such as resiration and heartbeat
|
Medulla Oblongata
|
|
|
Located below the posterior portion of the cerebrum; divided into two hemispheres
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Coordinates voluntary muscles; maintains balance and muscle tone
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Connected with the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord by means of the pons
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Little brain
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Three layers of fibrous membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
|
Meninges
|
|
|
Outermost layer of the meninges
|
Dura mater
|
|
|
Thickest and toughest layer of the meninges
|
Dura mater
|
|
|
Formed by the separation of the dura mater in certain places to provide venous channels for the drainage of blood coming from the brain tissue
|
Dura sinuses
|
|
|
Middle layer of the meninges
|
Arachniod
|
|
|
Membrane is loosely attached to the deepest of the meninges by weblike fibers, allowing a space for the movement of CSF
|
Arachnoid
|
|
|
CSF
|
cerebrospinal fluid
|
|
|
Innermost layer of the meninges
|
Pia mater
|
|
|
Layer of the meninges attached to the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord
|
Pia mater
|
|
|
Layer of the meninges that holds blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the brain and spinal cord
|
Pia mater
|
|
|
Clear liquid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord
|
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
|
|
|
four chambers in the brain where CSF is formed
|
Ventricles
|
|
|
Vascular network in the ventricles of the brain that forms CSF by filtration of the blood and by cellular secretion
|
Choroid plexus
|
|
|
Deep groove that separates the cerebral hemispheres
|
Longitudinal fissure
|
|
|
Connects the third and fourth ventricles
|
Cerebral aqueduct
|
|
|
The largest of the four ventricles are located in the two cerebral hemispheres
|
Lateral ventricles
|
|
|
Extensions of the lateral ventricles into the lobes of the cerebrum
|
Horns
|
|
|
Small fifth lobe deep within each hemisphere that cannot be seen from the surface
|
Insula
|
|
|
Folds in the cortex forming elevated portions
|
Gyri
|
|
|
Shallow grooves that separate the gyri
|
Sulci
|
|
|
Groove that lies between the the frontal and parietal lobes of each hemisphere at right angles to the longitudinal fissure
|
Central sulcus
|
|
|
Groove which curves along the side of each hemisphere and separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
|
Lateral sulcus
|
|
|
Masses of gray matter located deep within each cerebral hemisphere
|
Basal nuclei (basal ganglia)
|
|
|
These groups of neurons work with the cerebral cortex to regulate body movement and the muscles of facial expression
|
Basal nuclei
|
|
|
Neurotransmitter secreted by basal nuclei
|
Dopamine
|
|
|
An important band of white matter located at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure
|
Corpus callosum
|
|
|
Bridge between the right and left hemispheres permitting impulses to cross from one side of the brain to the other
|
Corpus callosum
|
|
|
Compact band of myelinated fibers that carries impulses between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem
|
Internal capsule
|
|
|
Lobe that lies anterior to the central sulcus
|
Frontal lobe
|
|
|
Area contained within the gyrus just anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal lobe which provides conscious control of skeletal muscles
|
Primary motor area
|
|
|
Lobe that occupies the superior part of each hemisphere and lies posterior to the central sulcus
|
Parietal lobe
|
|
|
Area contained within the gyrus just behind the central sulcus in the parietal lobe where impulses from the skin, such as touch, pain, and temperature, are interpreted
|
Primary sensory area
|
|
|
Lobe in which the estimation of distances, sizes, and shapes takes place
|
Parietal lobe
|
|
|
Lobe that lies inferior to the lateral sulcus and folds under the hemisphere on each side
|
Temporal lobe
|
|
|
Area contained within the temporal lobe for receiving and interpreting impulses from the ear
|
Auditory area
|
|
|
Area located in the medial part of the temporal lobe concerned with the sense of smell
|
Olfactory area
|
|
|
Lobe that lies posterior to the parietal lobe and extends over the cerebellum
|
Occipital lobe
|
|
|
The visual area of the occipital lobe contains the two areas for interpreting impulses arising from the retina of the eye
|
Visual receiving area and Visual association area
|
|
|
Area that detects sound impulses transmitted from the environment
|
Auditory receiving area
|
|
|
Area surronding the auditory receiving area that interprets the sounds
|
Auditory association area
|
|
|
Another region of the auditory cortex, functions in speech recognition and the meaning of words
|
Speech comprehension area (Wernicke area)
|
|
|
The areas for spoken and written communication that lie anterior to the most inferior part of the frontal lobe's motor cortex
|
Motor areas
|
|
|
Area where the speech muscles in the tongue, the soft palate, and the larynx are controlled
|
Motor speech area (Broca area)
|
|
|
The retention of bits of information for a few seconds or a few minutes, after which the information is lost unless reinforced
|
Short term memory
|
|
|
The storage of information that can be recalled at a later time
|
Long term memory
|
|
|
Interbrain located between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem
|
Diencephalon
|
|
|
Controls the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system as well as the pituitary gland
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
Region along the border between the cerebrum and the diencephalon
|
Limbic system
|
|
|
System involved in emotional states and behavior
|
Limbic system
|
|
|
Sea horse shaped gland
|
Hippocampus
|
|
|
Functions in learning and the formation of long-term memory
|
Hippocampus
|
|
|
Network that extends along the brain stem and governs wakefulness and sleep
|
Reticular formation
|
|
|
Composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata
|
Brain stem
|
|
|
Contains four bodies that act as centers for certain reflexes involving the eye and the ear
|
Midbrain
|
|
|
Cranial nerves III and IV originate from this portion of the brain
|
Midbrain
|
|
|
An important connecting link between the cerebellum and the rest of the nervous system
|
The pons
|
|
|
Contains nerve fibers that carry impulses to and from the centers located above and below it
|
The pons
|
|
|
Crainial nerves V through VIII originate in this portion of the brain
|
The pons
|
|
|
Contains the respiratory center, cardiac center, and the vasomotor center
|
Medulla oblongata
|
|
|
Controls the muscles of respiration in response to chemical and other stimuli
|
Respiratory center
|
|
|
Regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat
|
Cardiac center
|
|
|
Regulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls and thus controls blood flow and blood pressure
|
Vasomotor center
|
|
|
Made up of three parts: the vermis, and two lateral hemispheres
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Helps coordinate voluntary muscles to ensure smooth, orderly function
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Helps maintain balance in standing, walking, and sitting as well as during more strenuous activities
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Helps maintain muscle tone so that all muscle fibers are slightly tensed and ready to produce changes in position as quickly as neccessary
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Brain study technique that provides photographs of the bone, soft tissue, and cavities of the brain
|
CT scan
|
|
|
Brain study technique which gives more views of the brain than CT and may reveal tumors, scar tissue, and hemorrhaging not shown by CT
|
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
|
|
|
Brain study technique that visualizes the brain in action
|
PET (positron emission tomography)
|
|
|
Instrument used to study electrical activity of the brain
|
Electroencephalograph
|
|
|
Inflamation of the meninges; usually caused by bacteria or virus
|
Meningitis
|
|
|
Inflamation of the brain
|
Encephalitis
|
|
|
Abnormal accumulation of CSF within the brain
|
Hydrocephalus
|
|
|
The most common kind of brain disorder
|
Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
|
|
|
Causes of stroke
|
Blood clot blocking blood flow to an area of brain tissue
Cerebral hemorrhage |
|
|
A loss or defect in language communication
|
Aphasia
|
|
|
A disorder caused by brain damage occurring before or during the birth process
|
Cerebral palsy
|
|
|
A chronic disorder involving an abnormality of the brain's electrical activity with or without apparent changes in the nervous tissues
|
Epilepsy
|
|
|
Brain tumors that originate from the neuroglia
|
Gliomas
|
|
|
Bleeding between the dura mater and the skull usually on the side of the head resulting from a skull fracture causing damage to an artery
|
Epidural hematoma
|
|
|
A tear in the wall of a dural sinus
|
Subdural hematoma
|
|
|
Results from a blow to the head or from sudden movement of the brain
|
Concussion
|
|
|
Bleeding into the brain tissue itself
|
Intracerebral hematoma
|
|
|
A brain disorder resulting from an unexplained degeneration of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
|
Alzheimer disease
|
|
|
The accumulation of brain damage resulting from chronic ischemia
|
Multi-infarct dementia
|
|
|
A progressive meurologic condition characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs and joints, slow movement, and impaired balance
|
Parkinson disease
|
|
|
Number of paired cranial nerves
|
12
|
|
|
Four catagories of cranial nerves
|
Special sensory impulses
General sensory impulses Somatic motor impulses Visceral motor impulses |
|
|
Impulses for smell, taste, vision and hearing locatedin special sense organs in the head
|
Special sensory impulses
|
|
|
Impulses for pain, touch, temperature, deep muscle sense, pressure, and vibrations; come from receptors widely distributed throughout the body
|
General sensory impulses
|
|
|
Impulses resulting in voluntary control of skeletal muscles
|
Somatic motor impulses
|
|
|
Impulses producing involuntary control of glands and involuntary muscles
|
Visceral motor impulses
|
|
|
Cranial nerves that contain only sensory fibers
|
I
II VIII |
|
|
Cranial nerves that contain all or mostly motor fibers
|
III
IV VI XI XII |
|
|
Cranial nerves that contain both sensory and motor nerve fibers; mixed nerves
|
V
VII IX X |
|
|
I
|
Olfactory
|
|
|
II
|
Optic
|
|
|
III
|
Oculomotor
|
|
|
IV
|
Trochlear
|
|
|
V
|
Trigeminal
|
|
|
VI
|
Abducens
|
|
|
VII
|
Facial
|
|
|
VIII
|
Vestibulocochlear
|
|
|
IX
|
Glosspharyngeal
|
|
|
X
|
Vagus
|
|
|
XI
|
Accessory
|
|
|
XII
|
Hypoglossal
|
|
|
Carries impulses for the sense of smell toward the brain
|
Olfactory
|
|
|
Carries visual impulses from the eye to the brain
|
Optic
|
|
|
Controls contraction of eye muscles
|
Oculomotor
|
|
|
Supplies one eyeball muscle
|
Trochlear
|
|
|
Carries sensory impulses from eye, upper jaw and lower jaw toward the brain
|
Trigeminal
|
|
|
Controls eyeball muscles
|
Abducens
|
|
|
Controls muscles of facial expression; carries sensation of taste; stimulates small salivary glands and lacrimal (tear) gland
|
Facial
|
|
|
Carries sensory impulses from tongue and pharynx (throat); controls swallowing muscles and stimulates the parotid salivary gland
|
Glossapharyngeal
|
|
|
Carries sensory impulses for hearing and equilibrium from the inner ear toward the brain
|
Vestibulocochlear
|
|
|
Supplies most of the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities; carries motor impulses to the larynx (voice box) and pharynx
|
Vagus
|
|
|
Controls muscles in the neck and larynx
|
Accessory
|
|
|
Controls muscles of the tongue
|
Hypoglossal
|
|
|
Severe spasmodic pain affecting the fifth cranial nerve
|
Trigeminal neuralglia
|
