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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anatomy
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science of structure and the relationship among structures
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physiology
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science of body functions
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atoms
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smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions
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molecule
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two or more atoms joined together
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cells
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basic structural and functional units of an organism and are the smallest living units in the human body
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tissues
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groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
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organs
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body structures that have a recognizable shape, are composed of two or more different types of tissues, and have specific functions
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organelles
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special structures in cells
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serous membrane
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layer around the outside of the stomach that protects it and reduces friction when the stomach moves and rubs against other organs
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system
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related organs that have a common function
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organism
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a living being, one individual
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metabolism
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sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
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responsiveness
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body's ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal or external environment
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movement
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motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles within cells
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growth
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increase in body size due to increase in either the size of existing cells, number of cells, or amount of material surrounding cells
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differentiation
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process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized (different in size and function from the cells they came from)
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reproduction
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either formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual
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homeostasis
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maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body despite internal and external changes
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interstitial fluid
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fluid surrounding body cells
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dynamic
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able to change over a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining cellular life processes
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feedback system (feedback loop)
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cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on
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controlled condition
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each monitored condition in a feedback loop
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stimulus
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any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition in a feedback loop
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receptor
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body structure that monitors changes in a controlled contition and send information to the control center within a feedback loop
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input
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information about changes in a controlled condition via nerve impulses or chemical changes in a feedback loop
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control center
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sets ranges of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when needed within a feedback loop
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output
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information, via nerve impulses or chemical signals, that is relayed from the control center to an effector
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effector
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body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response
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response
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effect that changes the controlled condition
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negative feedback system
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system that reverses a change in a controlled condition
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positive feedback system
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system that reinforces the initial change in the controlled condition
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disorder
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any disturbance of structure and/or function
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disease
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illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
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symptoms
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changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
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signs
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objective changes in body structures/functions that a clinician can observe and measure
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pathogens
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disease-causing microbes
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infectious disease
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pathogens invade a susceptible host and cause a disease
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local disease
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disease that affects one part or a limited region of the body
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systematic disease
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disease that affects either several body parts or the entire body
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pathology
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science that deals with the nature, cause, and development of abnormal conditions and the structural and functional changes that occur from disease processes
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epidemiology
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science of the why, when, and where of diseases and how they are transmitted in a human community
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pharmacology
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science of the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
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diagnosis
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identification of a disease or disorder based on a scientific evaluation of the patient
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medical history
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collection of information about events that might be related to a person's illness
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physical examination
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orderly evaluation of the body and its functions
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aging
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normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body's ability to restore homeostasis
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directional terms
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words that describe the position of one body part relative to another
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anatomical position
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subject standing straight while facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing forward; feet are flat on the floor, arms at the side with palms turned forward
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superior
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toward the head, or the upper part of a structure (one organ being above another)
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inferior
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away from the head, or the lower part of a structure (one organ being below another)
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anterior
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nearer to or at the front of the body
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posterior
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nearer to or at the back of the body
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caudal
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toward the tail
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ventral
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belly (front) side
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dorsal
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back side
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medial
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close to the midline or midsagittal plane
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lateral
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farther from the midline
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proximal
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nearer to something
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distal
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farther from something
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superficial
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toward or on the surface of the body
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deep
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away from the surface of the body
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sagittal plane
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vertical plane that divides the body or organ into left and right sides
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midsagittal plane
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vertical plane that passes through the midline that divides the body or organ into equal left and right sides
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parasagittal plane
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vertical plane that divides the body or organ into unequal left and right sides
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frontal (coronal) plane
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divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
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transverse plane
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plane that divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
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oblique plane
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plane that passes through the body or organ at an angle
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body cavities
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spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs
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dorsal body cavity
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body cavity located near the dorsal (back) surface of the body; consists of the cranial and vertebral cavities
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cranial cavity
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cavity formed by the skull bones and contains the brain
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vertebral (spinal) cavity
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cavity formed by the bones of the vertebral column (backbone) and contains the spinal cord
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ventral body cavity
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cavity located on the ventral side of the body that contains organs collectively called the viscera; includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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thoracic cavity
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chest cavity; separated from abdominal cavity by diaphragm; divided into three smaller cavities
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