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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Denaturation
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A change in the three-dimensional conformatino of a protein that destroys its enzymatic or other functional properties, usually caused by extremities of temperature or pH.
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Polymer
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A molecule that consists of a long chain of identical or similar subunits, such as protein, DNA or starch.
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Lactic Acid
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A small organic acid produced as an end product of the anaerobic fermentatino of pyrufic acid; a contributing factor in muscle fatigue.
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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A molecule composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups that functions as a universal energy-transfer molecule.
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Glycolysis
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A series of anaerobic oxidation reactions that break a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid and produce a small amount of ATP.
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Hydrolysis
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A chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond in a molecule by adding an -OH group to one side of the bond and -H to the other side, thus consuming a water molecule. Compare to dehydration synthesis.
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Fatty Acid
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An organic molecule composed of a chain of an even number of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at the other; one of the structural subunits of triglycerides and phospholipids.
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Hydrophobic
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Pertaining to molecules that do not attract water or dissolve in it because of their nonpolar nature; such molecules tend to dissolve in lipids and other nonpolar solvents.
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Carboxyl Group
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An organic functional group with the formula -COOH, found in many organic acids such as amino acids and fatty acids.
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Enzyme
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A protein that functions as a catalyst.
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Catalyst
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Any chemical that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction and thus makes the reaction proceed more rapidly; a role served in cells by enzymes.
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Glycolipid
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A phospholipid molecule with a carbohydrate covalently bonded to it, found in the plasma membranes of cells.
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Metabolism
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The sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
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Monosaccharide
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A simple sugar or sugar monomer; chiefly glucose, fructose and galactose
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Organic
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Pertaining to compounds of carbon.
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Glycogen
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A glucose polymer synthesized by liver, muscle, uterine, and vaginal cells that serves as an energy-storage polysaccharide.
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Glycoprotein
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A protein molecule with a smaller carbohydrate covalently bonded to it; found in mucus and the glycocalyx of cells, for example.
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Peptide Bond
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A group of four covalently bonded atoms taht links two amino acids in a peptide.
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Polypeptide
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Any chain of more than 10 or 15 amino acids.
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Moiety
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A chemically distinct subunit of a macromolecule, such as the heme and globin moieties of hemoglobin or the lipid and carbohydrate moieties of a glycolipid.
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Polysaccharide
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A polymer of simple sugars; for example, glycogen, starch, and cellulose.
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steroid
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A lipid molecule that consists of four interconnected carbon rings; cholesterol and several of its derivatives.
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substrate
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A chemical that is acted upon and changed by an enzyme.
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Peptide
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Any chain of two or more amino acids.
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Cofactor
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A metal ion that binds to an enzyme and activates its catalytic function.
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Cholesterol
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A steroid that functions as part of the plasma membrane and as a precursor for all other steroids in the body.
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Active Site
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The region of a protein that binds to a ligand, such as the substrate-binding site of an enzyme or the hormone-binding site of a receptor.
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Macromolecule
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Any molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as a protein, nucleic acid, polysaccharide, or triglyceride.
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Metabolite
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Any chemical produced by metabolism.
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Substrate specificity
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The ability of an enzyme to bind only one substrate or a limited range of related substrates.
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Metabolic pathway
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A series of linked chemical reactions, most of which are catalyzed by a separate enzyme; glycolysis, for example.
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Surfactant
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A chemical that reduces the surface tension of water and enables it to penetrage orher substances more effectively. Examples include pulmonary surfactant and bile salts.
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Triglyceride
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A lipid composed of three fatty acids joined to a glycerol; also called a triaclglycerol or neutral fat.
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Conjugated
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A state in which one organic compound is bound to another compound of a different class, such as a protein conjugated with a carbohydrate to form a glycoprotein.
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Conformation
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The three-dimensional structure of a protein that results from interaction amont its amino acid side groups, its interactions with water, and the formation of disulfide bonds.
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Amino Acids
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Small organic molecules with an amino group and a carboxyl group; the monomers of which proteins are comprised.
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Adipose Tissue
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A connective tissue composed predominantly of adipocytes; fat.
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Aerobic Exercise
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Exercise in which oxygen is used to produce ATP; endurance exercise.
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Dehydration Synthesis
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A reaction in which two chemical monomers are joined together with water produced as a by-product; also called a condensation reaction. Compare to hydrolysis.
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Glycocalyx
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A layer of carbohydrate molecules covalently bonded to the phospholipid and protein molecules of a plasma membrane; forms a surface coat on all human cells.
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Hydrophilic
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Pertaining to molecules that attract water or dissolve in it because of their polar nature.
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Functional Group
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A group of atoms, such as a carboxyl or amino group, tht determines the functional characteristics of an organic molecule.
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Glycerol
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A viscous three-carbon alcohol that forms the structural backbone of triglyceride and phospholipid molecules; also called glycerin.
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Enzyme Amplification
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A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one step is an enzyme that produces an even greater number of product molecules at the next step, resulting in a rapidly increasing amount of reaction product. Seen in hormone actin and blood clotting for example.
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Maltose
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A disaccharide composed of two glucose monomers.
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Cohesion
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The clinging of identical molecules such as water to each other.
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Insulin
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A hormone produced by B cells of the pancreatic islets in response to a rise in blood glucose concentration; accelerates the glucose uptake and metabolism by most cells of the body, thus lowering the blood glucose concentration.
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Monomer
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One of the identical or similar subunits of a larger molecule in the dimer to polymer range; for example, the glucose monomers of starch, the amino acids of a protein, or the nucleotides of DNA.
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Lipase
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An enzyme that hydrolyzes a triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol.
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Neutral Fat
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A triglyceride.
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Disaccharide
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A carbohydrate composed of two simple sugars joined by a glycosidic bond; for example, lactose, sucrose, and maltose.
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