Anatomy And Physiology, Bone Tissue, Ch. 7

Front 1

6 functions of bone tissue and skeletal system

Back 1

Support
Protection
Assistance in movement
Mineral homeostasis
Blood cell production
Triglyceride storage

Front 2

In certain bones, a connective tissue called ____________ produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a process called _________

Back 2

Red bone marrow

hemopoiesis

Front 3

Triglycerides stored in adipose tissue of ___________ is an important chemical energy reserve.

Back 3

Yellow bone marrow

Front 4

In the newborn, all bone marrow is ______ and involved in ________

Back 4

red

hemopoiesis

Front 5

bone shaft or body. Long, cylindrical main portion of bone

Back 5

diaphysis

Front 6

distal and proximal ends of bone

Back 6

epiphyses

Front 7

regions in a mature bone where diaphysis joins the epiphysis.

Back 7

metaphysis

Front 8

In growing bone, each metaphysis includes an ____________, a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length

Back 8

epiphyseal plate

Front 9

When bone growth in length stops, the cartilage in epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone a becomes the ____________

Back 9

epiphyseal line

Front 10

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis where bone forms articulation with another bone

Back 10

articular cartilage

Front 11

tough sheath of dense regular connective tissue that surrounds bone surface when it is not covered by articular cartilage

Back 11

periosteum

Front 12

space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults.

Back 12

medullary OR marrow cavity

Front 13

thin membrane that lines medullary cavity. Contains single layer of bone forming cells and small amount of connective tissue

Back 13

endosteum

Front 14

Bone matrix is about 25%_____, 25%_____, and 50% ________

Back 14

25% water

25% collagen fibers

50% crystallized mineral salts

Front 15

process of mineral salts being deposited in framework formed by collagen fibers of the matrix

Back 15

calcification

Front 16

The combination of _________ and ____________ is responsible for the hardness of bone

Back 16

crystallized salts

collagen fibers

Front 17

A bones hardness depends on ____________, a bone's flexibility depends on _____________

Back 17

crystallized inorganic mineral salts

collagen fibers

Front 18

4 types of cells in bone tissue

Back 18

osteogenic

osteocytes

osteoblasts

osteoclasts

Front 19

unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme, only bone cells to undergo cell division

Back 19

osteogenic cells

Front 20

After cell division, daughter cells of osteogenic cells develop into

Back 20

osteoblasts

Front 21

synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the matrix of bone tissue, and they initiate calcification.

Back 21

osteoblasts

Front 22

As osteoblasts surround themselves with matrix, they get trapped in their secretions and become _______

Back 22

osteocytes

Front 23

main cells of bone tissue and maitain it's daily metabolism, such as exchange of nutrients and waste with the blood. Do Not undergo cell division

Back 23

osteocytes

Front 24

derived from fusion of as many as 50 monocytes, concentrated in endosteum, plasma membrane that faces the bone surface is folded into a ruffled border, release powerful lysosomal enzymes and acids that break down bone

Back 24

osteoclasts

Front 25

The breakdown of bone matrix by osteoclasts is called _____

Back 25

resorption

Front 26

About 80% of skeleton is ____ bone and 20% is ____ bone

Back 26

compact

spongy

Front 27

forms external layer of all bones and bulk of diaphysis of long bones, arranged in units called osteons or Haversian systems

Back 27

compact bone tissue

Front 28

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from the periosteum penetrate the compact bone through transverse _________

Back 28

perforating (Volkmann's) canals

Front 29

concentric rings of hard, calcified matrix found in compact bone, surround the central (Haversian) canals

Back 29

concentric lamellae

Front 30

between the lamellae are small spaces called _______, which contain osteocytes

Back 30

lacunae (little lakes)

Front 31

Radiating in all directions from the lacunae are tiny _________, which are filled with ECF.

Back 31

Canaliculi (small channels)

Front 32

Inside the canaliculi are slender fingerlike processes of _________. Neighboring osteocytes communicate via ___________

Back 32

osteocytes

gap junctions

Front 33

Osteons in compact bone tissue are aligned in the same direction along __________

Back 33

lines of stress

Front 34

Lines of stress in bone are not _______. They change over time in response to _________

Back 34

static

physical stress

Front 35

The areas between osteons contain _________, which also have lacunae with osteocytes and canaliculi

Back 35

interstitial lamellae

Front 36

Lamellae that encircle the bone just beneath the periosteum are called _______, and lamellae that encircle the medullary cavity are ______

Back 36

outer circumferential lamellae

inner circumferential lamellae

Front 37

bone that does not contain osteons, consist of irregular latticework of thin columns of bone called _______

Back 37

spongy bone

trabeculae

Front 38

______ bone tissue makes up most of the bone tissue of short, flat, and irregularly shaped bones.

Back 38

Spongy

Front 39

The spongy bone tissue of hip bones, ribs, breastbone, backbones, and the ends of long bones is the only site of ________ in adults

Back 39

hemopoiesis

Front 40

Near center of the epiphysis, a large nutrient artery passes through a hole in compact bone called the _____________

Back 40

nutrient foramen

Front 41

One or two _______ accompany nutrient artery in diaphysis, numerous ______ and ______ exit with their respective arteries in the epiphysis, and many small _____ exit with arteries in the periosteum

Back 41

nutrient veins

epiphyseal and metaphyseal

periosteal

Front 42

The process by which a bone forms is called ______ or ______

Back 42

ossification OR osteogenesis

Front 43

2 methods of bone formation

Back 43

endochondral ossification

intramembranous ossification

Front 44

method of bone formation that occurs directly on or within loose fibrous connective tissue membranes

Back 44

Intramembranous ossification

Front 45

Replacement of cartilage by bone

Back 45

endochondral ossification

Front 46

4 phases of intramembranous ossification

Back 46

Development of center of ossification- osteoblast secrete matrix

Calcification of the matrix

Formation of trabeculae

Development of the periosteum

Front 47

Connective tissue that is associated with the blood vessels in trabeculae differentiates into ____

Back 47

red bone marrow

Front 48

Bones that develop by intramembranous ossification

Back 48

flat bones of skull, mandibles, soft spots

Front 49

5 stages of endochondral ossification

Back 49

Development of cartilage model- chondroblasts produce hyaline cartilage model

growth of cartilage model- chondrocytes hypertrophy, burst, increase of pH triggers calcification

Development of primary ossification center

Development of secondary ossification center

Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

Front 50

Interstitial growth results in _____ of bone, whereas ______ results in increase of thickness

Back 50

lengthening

appositional growth

Front 51

Once perichondrium starts to form bone it is called ____

Back 51

periosteum

Front 52

_____ is a layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone

Back 52

epiphyseal plate

Front 53

4 zones of epiphyseal plate that increases bone length

Back 53

Zone of resting cartilage- cells anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis

Zone of proliferating cartilage- chondrocytes divide to replace.

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage- lengthening results from cell divisions in proliferating zone and maturation of cells in hypertrophic zone

Zone of calcified cartilage- calcified cartilage is replaced by bone

Front 54

The diaphysis of a bone increases in length bc of activity of the _____

Back 54

epiphyseal plate

Front 55

The epiphyseal plates close at around ___ - ___ years of age

Back 55

18-25

Front 56

When the epiphyseal plate fades, it leaves a bony structure known as ____

Back 56

epiphyseal line

Front 57

Bone grows in thickness due to addition of new bone tissue by _____ around the outer surface of a bone. Known as ____ growth

Back 57

periosteal osteoblasts

appostional growth

Front 58

Sex steroids, especially ______ shut down growth at the epiphyseal plates

Back 58

estrogens

Front 59

During childhood, the most important hormones that stimulate bone growth are ____ and ____

Back 59

IGF- insulinlike growth factor

hGH- human growth hormone

Front 60

ongoing process where osteoclasts carve out tunnels in old bone and osteoblasts rebuild it. Can take only 2 to 3 months, or last much longer

Back 60

bone remodeling

Front 61

The breakdown of matrix by osteoclasts is

Back 61

bone resorption

Front 62

One way that estrogens slow resorption of bone is by promoting ______ of osteoclasts

Back 62

apoptosis (programmed death)

Front 63

series of microscopic fissures in bone that forms without any evidence of injury to other tissues. Standard x-rays normally fail to reveal, but show clearly in bone scan

Back 63

stress Fx.

Front 64

5 steps of repair of a bone Fx

Back 64

Formation of Fx hematoma- blood clots, blood capillaries grow, phagocytosis cleans up debris

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- repair tissue that bridges the broken ends of the bone. Takes about 3 weeks

Bony callus formation- osteogenic cells develop into osteoblasts. Fibrocartilage converted into spongy bone

Bone remodeling- dead portions of bone are resorbed by osteoclasts. Compact bone replaces spongy bone

Front 65

For bones to unite, the ends of the Fx bone must be brought into alignment, a process known as _____

Back 65

reduction

Front 66

Bone id body's major calcium reservoir, storing ___% of body calcium

Back 66

99%

Front 67

The most important hormone that regulates calcium exchange between bone and blood is ____, secreted by ______

Back 67

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

parathyroid gland

Front 68

If blood Ca decreases, parathyroid gland cells detect the change and increase production of _______. The gene for PTH in _________ cell detects increased production of _____, resulting in increased _____ being released into the blood. The presence of more ____ increases number and activity of ______, which liberates Ca to move into blood and increase levels to normal.

Back 68

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

parathyroid gland cell

cAMP

PTH

PTH

osteoclasts

Front 69

_____ acts on the kidneys to decrease loss of Ca in urine, and stimulates formation of ______, a hormone that promotes absorption of Ca from GI tract.

Back 69

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

calcitriol

Front 70

When blood Ca rises above normal, parafollicular cells in thyroid gland secrete _____.
_____ inhibits activity of osteoclasts, speeds up Ca uptake by bones, and accelerates Ca deposition into bones

Back 70

calcitonin (CT)

(CT)

Front 71

During middle of fourth week of development upper limbs appear as small elevations called ______. End of fourth week _______ appear. The ______ consist of masses of general mesoderm covered by ________.

Back 71

upper limb buds

lower limb buds

limb buds

ectoderm

Front 72

About 22 to 24 days after fertilization, mesodermal cells form a solid cylinder of cells called the ______, which plays a critical role in inducing, through chemical signals, __________ cells to develop into specialized tissues and organs.

Back 72

notochord

unspecialized embryonic cells

Front 73

loss of calcium and other minerals from bone matrix

Back 73

demineralization