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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the two types of active transport? |
Active transport and vesicular transport |
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What are three reasons to use active transport |
Solute too large, solute not lipid soluble, solute moving up concentration gradient |
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What are the three different types of Carrie proteins |
Simple transporters, antiporters, and symporters |
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Simple transporter |
Allows one substance in |
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Antiporter |
Allows one substance into cell and one cell out |
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Symporter |
Allows 2 different substances to enter in the same direction |
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Transyctosis |
Movement of material into cell (endocytosis) and then out of cell (exocytosis) |
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Genes |
Code for one polypeptide |
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RNA |
Single stranded nucleic acid (copy of DNA) |
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What is the RNA backbone made of? |
Phosphate and ribose or deoxyribose |
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What is the RNA base made of? |
A,C,G,T or U |
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Which RNA translates to proteins |
mRNA |
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Which RNA combines with proteins to make ribosomes |
rRNA |
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tRNA |
Collects proper amino acid and brings it to ribosomes |
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Where's the epidermis not located |
Eyes, mouth, kidneys, etc |
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Dendritic cells |
Protects nucleus and makes sure nothing gets in |
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Tactile cell |
Sensory cell in epidermis that's attached to a nerve |
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What type of tissue is in the epidermis |
Epithelial |
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What type of tissue is in the dermis |
Connective tissue |
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3 types of accessory structure |
Hair nails and glands |
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What do macrophages in the dermis do |
Eat invaders and are wandering cells |
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What makes up the cutaneous layers |
Epidermis and dermis |
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What are the two layers of the dermis |
Papillary and reticular |
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How is the epidermis important to bones |
Vitamin d3 synthesis takes place here |
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What organs are used in vitamin D3 synthesis |
Liver and kidneys |
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Which layer of the epidermis is fastened together by desmosones and is considered "spiney" |
Stratum spinosum |
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Which epidermal layer has granules of keratin and lipids in the cytoplasm |
Stratum granulosum |
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Which epidermal layer has visible nuclei |
Stratum granulosum |
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Which epidermal layer has disintegrating organelles |
Stratum granulosam |
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What are the two types of epidermis |
Thick and thin |
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Where's thick epidermis located |
Palms, soles, lips |
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What type of tissue is found in the papillary later of the dermis |
Areolar |
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Which layer of the dermis contains tactile corpuscles |
Papillary |
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What type of tissue is found in the reticular layer of the dermis |
Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Lines of collagen fibers in reticular later |
Lines of tension |
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Vessels, nerve endings, and accessory structures are located in what dermal layer |
Reticular |
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Melanin protects what structure |
Folic acid |
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Flexure lines |
Permanent wrinkles around joints |
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What are the two types of melanin |
Pheomelanin and eumelanin |
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Pheomelanin |
Reddish yellow melanin |
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Eumelanin |
Brownish black melanin |
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What three things affect skin color |
Melanin carotene and hemoglobin |
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This chemical in your skin is converted to vitamin A |
Carotene |
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Root |
Portion in skin |
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Shaft |
Portion outside skin |
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Medulla (hair) |
Inner, large cells and air spaces |
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Cortex (hair) |
Middle, flattened cells |
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Cuticle (hair) |
Outter later |
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Terminal hair |
Hair on head |
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Vellus hair |
Fine body hair |
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Lanugo |
Hair on infants |
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Enzyme |
Protein (chain of amino acids folded into a specific shape) |
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How do you name an enzyme |
Add "ase" to it's substrate |
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What type of tissue makes glands |
Epidermal tissue |
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Sebaceous gland |
Secretes oil (sebum"lipid mixture) |
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What hormones control sebaceous glands |
Sex hormones |
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Sudoriferous glands |
Sweat glands |
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Eccrine gland |
Sweat glands on palms, soles, and forehead that is mostly water and similar to a sports drink. |
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Apocrine gland |
Armpits and genial seat glands that secrete milky yellowish substance and is stinky |
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Mammory and earwax are what types of glands |
Appocrine |
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Nail plate |
Whole thing |
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Free edge (nail) |
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Nail root |
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What are the parts of the skeletal system |
Cartilage, bone, and ligaments |
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Ligament |
Connects bone to bone |
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What type of tissue makes up ligaments |
Dense regular connective tissue |
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Hemopoesis |
Make blood. Dinner in bones |
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Functions of cartilage |
Support for soft tissue, gliding joints, template for growth |
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3 types of cartilage |
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic |
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Hyaline cartilage |
Movement in slidey joints. (Rib cage) can shatter |
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Fibrocartilage |
Shock absorber. Found in disks |
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Elastic cartilage |
In ears and epiglottis |
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3 tissues that make up bones |
Connective, epithelial, and nervous |
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Epithelial tissue in bones? |
Blood vessels |
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Diaphysis |
Middle part of bone |
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Epiphysis |
Ends of bone |
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Epiphyseal plate |
Used to be cartilage |
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Articular cartilage |
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Flat bones |
Look like a bone sandwich |
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Sesamoid bones |
Firm inside tendons (knee cap) |
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Red marrow |
In spongey bone, cite of hematopoiesis |
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Yellow marrow |
In shaft. Fat storage. As we grow older we go from red to yellow |
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What are the three bone coverings |
Perosteum,, perforating fibers, endosteum |
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Perosteum |
Outside layer of bone (denseirregular CT) and osteogenic layer |
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Osteogenic layer |
Layer of periosteum where bone cell growth is promoted |
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Perforated fibers |
Continuous with ligament and tensions. Contains nerves and blood vessels |
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Endosteum |
Covers trabeculae and internal surfaces. Contains cells |
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Trabeculae |
Little holes in bone |
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Osteogenic cells |
Bone stem cells |
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Osteoblasts |
Build. Secrete bone matrix that becomes bone |
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Osteoid |
Organic (collagen) part of bones |
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Osteocytes |
Stay. Keep tissue healthy. Stay in lacunae. Respond to pressure |
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Osteoclasts |
Breaks down bone |
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Spongey bone |
Withstand force from all directions. Contains trabeculae |
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Compact bone |
Bends |
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Four parts of compact bone |
Osteons, lamella, lacunae, and canaliculi |
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Lamella |
Layers of collagen tissue (circumferential and interstitial) |
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Lacunae |
Spaces where osteocytes live |
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Canaliculi |
Canals connecting lacunae |
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In utero all one is made from |
Headline cartilage and fibrous membranes |
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These bones are made by intramembranous ossification |
Skull and clavicle |
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Which bones use endochondrial ossification? |
All except clavicle |
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Appositional growth |
Bone added under periosteum while bone is removed inside |
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Where's the parathyroid hormone |
Back of neck |
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This hormone monitors blood calcium |
Parathyroid |
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Wolf's law |
Bone grows thicker where stressed |
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Articulations |
Places where two bones meet |
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4 types of fractures |
Position of bone ends, completeness of fracture, orientation of break, perversion of skin |
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Nondisplaced fracture |
Bone didn't move |
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Displaced fracture |
Bone moved |
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Transverse fracture |
Across bone |
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Compound fracture |
Touches skin |
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Hematoma stage in fracture |
Swelling after few minutes. Some cells die |
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Fibrocartilaginous stage |
Vessels begin to grow back |
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What happens during callus stage of fracture |
Soft callus becomes boney callus |
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Osteomyelitis |
Bone infection |
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Synarthroses |
Immovable |
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Ampharthroses |
Slightly movable |
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Diarthroses |
Freely movable |
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2 ways to classify articulations |
Motion and structure |
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3 structures of articulations |
Fibrous, cartilage, synovial(membrane) |
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3 types of fibrous joints |
Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses |
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Syndesmoses |
Immovable joint |
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Gomphoses |
In teeth |
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5 parts of synovial joints |
Articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule,synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments |
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Articular cartilage |
At ends of bones, prevents crushing of bone ends |
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Joint cavity |
Filled with synovial fluid |
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Articular capsule |
External fibrous layer |
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Bursae |
Bags of synovial fluid that act as ball bearings |
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Tendon sheath |
Elongated bursae |
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Luxation |
Dislocation of joint |
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Glenohumeral |
Shoulder joint |
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3 types of muscle |
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
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Synctial |
Fusion of many cells |
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Satellite cells |
Muscle repair |
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Endomyseum |
Areolar tissue that covers a muscle cell |
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Perimyseum |
Covers bundles (fasicles) of cells |
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Epimysium |
Covers muscle |
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Fascia |
Covers multiple muscles |
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Aponeurosis |
Fibrous white tissue that takes the place of tendons |
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Hinge joint |
Elbow |
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Pivot joint |
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Condyloid joint |
Fingers |
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Sliding joints |
Carpals |
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Ball and socket joint |
Shoulder |
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Saddle joint |
Thumb |
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Agonist muscle |
Muscle that contracts and does movement |
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Antagonist |
Relaxes |
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Synergist |
Helps agonist |
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Fixator |
Keeps form and joints steady during flexure |
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Muscle cell membrane |
Sarcolema |
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Muscle cell cytoplasm |
Sarcoplasm |
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Muscle cell ER |
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (stores calcium) |
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Transverse tubules |
Deep tunnels of sarcolemna in cell |
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Myoglobin |
Stores oxygen in muscle |
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Myofibrils |
Threadlike organelle made of myofilaments |
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Actin |
Long twisted chains of globular proteins |
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Tropomyosin |
Protein that covers actin |
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Troponin |
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Myosin |
Golf club shaped protein |
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Elastic filaments |
Run through middle of thick filaments |
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Sarcomere |
Runs z to z disc |
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A band |
Overlapping myosin and thin filaments |
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I band |
Light part. Only thin filaments |
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Depolarization |
Large influx of NA+ into cell |
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Repolarization |
Potassium out of cell |