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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anatomy
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the study of the structure (morphology) of body parts
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physiology
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the study of the function of body parts
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atom
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the smallest particle of an element
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molecule
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a particle composed of 2 or more joined atoms
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macromolecule
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a large molecule; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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organelles
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a small organ of a cell, which perfoms a particular function
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cells
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the basic unit of life
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tissues
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a group of similar cells that perfoms a specialized function
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organs
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a group of tissues that performs a specialized function
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organ system
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a group of organs that act together to carry on a specialized function (11)
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organism
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the most complex level of organization; an individual living thing
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ten processes of the characteristics of life
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movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation (opposite of digestion), exretion
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requirements of organisms
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water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
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homeostasis
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the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment
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three components in homeostatic mechanisms
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receptor, control center, effector
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positive feedback mechanisms
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uterine contractions, milk production, blood clotting
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two portions of the human body
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axial, appendicular
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axial portion of the body
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head, neck, trunk
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appendicular portion of the body
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upper and lower extremities
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major cavities of the body
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dorsal, ventral
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cavities in the dorsal cavity
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cranial cavity, vertebral canal
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cranial cavity includes...
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brain
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vertebral canal includes...
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spinal cord, vertebrae
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cavities in the ventral cavity
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thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
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thoracic cavity includes...
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lungs, mediastinum, thymus, heart, esophagus, trachea
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diaphragm
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muscle that separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities
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cavities in the abdominopelvic cavity
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abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
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abdominal cavity includes...
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stomach, liver, spleen, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine
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pelvic cavity includes...
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urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
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retroperitoneal
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behind the abdominopelvic cavity
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membrane
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soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either covers a vital organ or lines a body cavity
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viceral membrane
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covers a vital organ
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parietal membrane
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lines a body cavity
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serous fluid
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fluid secreted for lubrication in the space between a visceral and parietal membrane
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pleura
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serous membranes of the lungs
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space between pleura
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pleural cavity
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pericardium
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serous membranes of the heart
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space between the pericarium
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pericardial cavity
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peritoneum
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serous membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity
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space between the peritoneum
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peritoneal cavity
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system name for body covering
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integumentary system
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organs in the integumentary system
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skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
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functions of the integumentary system
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protect underlying tissues, help regulate body temperature, house a variety of sensory receptors, synthesize certain products
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systems for support and movement
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skeletal, muscular
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organs of the skeletal system
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bones, cartilage, ligaments
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functions of the skeletal system
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provide framework, protective sheilds for softer tissues, attachments for muscles, act with muscles for movement
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organs of the muscular system
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muscles
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functions of the muscular system
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contract and pull to provide the forces that cause movement, help maintain body temperature, primary source of heat
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systems for integration and coordination
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nervous, endocrine
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organs of the nervous system
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brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
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functions of nervous system
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use electrochemical signals to communicate with one another and with muscles and glands
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organs of endocrine system
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adrenal glands, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, thymus
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functions of endocrine system
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secrete chemical messengers called hormones
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systems for transport
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cardiovascular, lymphatic
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organs of cardiovascular system
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heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood
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functions of cardiovascular system
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transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes
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organs of lymphatic system
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lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen
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functions of lymphatic system
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carries extracellular fluid back to bloodstream and fatty substances away from digestive organs
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systems of absorption and secretion
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respiratory, urinary, digestive
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organs of respiratory system
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nasal cavity, bronchi, pharynx, larynx, lungs, trachea
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functions of respiratory system
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take air in and out; exchange gases between blood and air
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organs of urinary system
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kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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functions of urinary system
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remove waste from blood; assist in water and electrolyte balance; store urine and transport it outside
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organs of digestive system
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mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intesine, large intestine
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functions of digestive system
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receive foods; breakdown food molecules that can be passed through cell membranes and absorbed into internal environment
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systems of reproduction
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reproductive; male and female
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organs of male reproductive system
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scrotum, testes, epididymidus, vas deferens, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis
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functions of male reproductive system
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produce and maintain male sex characteristics
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organs of female reproductive system
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ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
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functions of female reproductive system
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produce and maintain female sex characteristics; recieve male sex cells; transport female sex cells within the female reproductive system; supports development of embryos; functions in the birth process
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anatomical terminology
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language used to describe the relative position of body parts
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anatomical position
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standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides, palms forward
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superior
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above
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inferior
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below
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anterior
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front
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posterior
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back
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ventral
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front
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dorsal
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back
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medial
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center
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lateral
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side
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ipsilateral
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same side
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contralateral
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opposite side
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proximal
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closer to the trunk
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distal
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farther from the trunk
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superficial
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surface
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deep
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internal
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sagittal
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divides the body into right and left portions
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midsagittal
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divides the body into equal right and left portions
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transverse
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divides the body into superior and inferior portions
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coronal
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divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
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cross-section
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cut at 90 degrees to long axis of the object
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oblique section
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cut at an angle across and object
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longitudinal section
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cut lenghtwise along an object
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9 regions of the abdominal area (top right to bottom left)
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rt hypochondriac, epigastric, lt hypochondriac, rt lumbar, umbilical, lt lumbar, rt iliac, hypogastric, lt iliac
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4 quadrants of the abdominal area
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rt upper quad, lt upper quad, rt lower quad, lt lower quad
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abdominal
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region between the thorax and pelvix
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acromial
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point of the shoulder
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antebrachial
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forearm
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antecubital
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space in front of the elbow
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axillary
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armpit
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brachial
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arm
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buccal
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cheek
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carpal
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wrist
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celiac
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abdomen
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cephalic
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head
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cervical
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neck
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costal
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ribs
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coxal
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hip
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crural
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leg
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cubital
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elbow
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digital
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finger
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dorsum
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back
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femoral
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thigh
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frontal
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forehead
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genital
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reproductive organs
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gluteal
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buttocks
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inguinal
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depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin)
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lumbar
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region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis (loin)
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mammary
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breast
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mental
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chin
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nasal
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nose
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occipital
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lower posterior region of the head
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oral
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mouth
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orbital
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eye cavity
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otic
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ear
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palmar
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palm of the hand
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patellar
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front of the knee
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pectoral
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chest
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pedal
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foot
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pelvic
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pelvis
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perineal
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region between the anus and the external reproductive organs (perineum)
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plantar
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sole of the foot
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popliteal
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area behind the knee
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sacral
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posterior region between the hipbones
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sternal
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middle of the thorax, anteriorly
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tarsal
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instep of the foot
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umbilical
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navel
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vertebral
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spinal column
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