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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 functions of the spinal cord
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conduction- 2 way communication, to and from brain
locomotion- walking- coordinates muscle movement in legs reflexes- involuntary muscle movement in response to stimuli |
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where does the spinal cord start
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foramen magnum
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how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
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31
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1st part of the pinal comes out in between __ and ____
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skull
atlas (c1) |
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the rest of the spinal cord comes out between ____
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vertebrae
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what is the part of the vvertebrae where the spinal cord comes out of called
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invertible foramina
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5 divisions of spinal nerves, total numbers in each, and their number names
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cervical nerves (8) c1-c8
thoracic (12) T1- T12 Lumbar (5) L1-L5 Sacral (5) S1-S5 Coccygeal (1) C0 C T L S C 8 12 5 5 1 |
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what is a fibrous connective tssue covering
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meninges
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3 layers of the meninges and description
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Dura- thickest
Arachnoid- 2nd thickest, web-like Pia- softest and touches brain or spinal cord |
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what causes the arachnoid mater to be web like
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collagen
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in the spinal cord- the site of info processing
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gray matter
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in spinal cord- carry out signal from one part of the CNS to another
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white matter
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name the amount of myelin found on the axons in the white and gray matter
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white- a lot of myelin'gray matter- very little
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in the gray matter what carries sensory fibers and interneurons
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posterior (dorsal) root
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in gray matter what leads to roots and carriess motor fibers
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ventral root
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in white matter- 3 types of columns
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ventral, doral, lateral
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in white matter- what are tracks and what 2 kinds are there
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subdivisions of columns
ascending, decending |
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what is the spinal tract that goes up the spinal cord to the brain
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ascending
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what is the spinal tract that goes down the spinal cord from brain
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descending
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which spinal tract is motor and which is sensory
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ascending- sensory
descending- motor |
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number of neurons in ascending tract in the white matter and what are their names
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3
1st order neuron 2nd order neuron 3rd order neuron |
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number of neurons in descending tract in the white matter and what are their names
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2
upper motor neuron lower motor neuron |
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which nerve in the spinal cord bulges
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dorsal root
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which root in the spinal cord brings messages to the spinal cord
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dorsal
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which root in the spinal cord acts as a motor neuron
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ventral
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cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers bound together by connective tissue
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nerve
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bulge in dorsal root (PNS) because outside spinal cors, cluster of cell bodies
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ganglion
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what is the axon covered in in a nerve
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endonermium
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what are fibers conered by in a nerve
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perinerium
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what is the whole bunle covered by in a nerve
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einerium
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what is the branching of spinal nerves
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rami
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which ramus- the anterior and lateral skin gives rise to nerves and imbs
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anterior ramus
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which ramus- controls muscles, joints, and back
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posterior ramus
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what gives rise to the back, spinal cord, and meninges
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meningeal branch
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what is a network of axons
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plexus
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5 different plexus and where they are located
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cervical- neck
brachial- near shoulder lumbar- lower back sacral- pelvis coccygeal- s4, s5, c0 |
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which rami form the plexus
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anterior rami
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what does the cervical plexus do
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supply skin, muscles of head and neck, shoulder, and chest
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what does the brachial plexus do
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supply upper limbs and some of shoulder and neck
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what does the lumbar plexus do
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supply abdominalwall, anterior thigh, and genitalia
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what soes the sacral plexus do
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supply remainder of trunk
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what does coccygeal plexus do
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supply small are of skin
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what is an area of skin that is innervated by a pair of spinal nerves
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dermatome
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how much does each dermatome overlap
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50%
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how many nerves do you have to anesthasize to knock out feeling
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3
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what is the nature of reflexes
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quick, involuntary
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4 important properties of reflexes
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requires stimulation- not spontaneous
quick involuntary- occurs without intent stereotyped- will occur same way every time |
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what is the paralysis of both upper limbs
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paraplegia
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what is paralysis of all limbs
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quoadriplegia
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what is paralysis of half of the body
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hemiplegia
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what is partial paralysis, muscle weakness
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paresis
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what 4 things protect the brain
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bone
membrane blood brain barrier watery cushion |
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how much of the blood goes to the brain
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15%
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what does the blood brain barrier do
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regulates what can enter brain
forms tight junctions so things cant enter |
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what neuroglial cells make up the blood brain berrier
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astrocytes
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what is cerebral spinal fluid made of
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glucose, proteins, lactic acid, urea, anions, cations, and white blood cells
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function of cerebral spinal fluid
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produces buoyancy
shock absorbant protection remove waste |
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where is cerebral spinal fluid found
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found in ventricles of brain and spinal fluid
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what is a capillary network found in ventricles
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choroid plexus
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what neuroglial cell lines the ventricles
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ependymal cells
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where does the plasma from the choroid plexus get pulled into
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ependymal cells
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which part of the brain controls thevital centers (cardiac, repiratory, and blood vessel)
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medulla oblongata
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which part of the brain relays impulses fom the motor portion of the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
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pons
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whaqt is the second largest part of the brain
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cerebellum
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contains 50% of the total neurons found in brain
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cerebellum
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function of cerebellum
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coordinate balance, regulate posture, coordinating movement
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5 lobes
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parietal, occipital, parietal, frontal, insula
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which lobe controls voluntary motor function
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frontal lobe
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which lobe recieves sensory info and processes it
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parietal
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which lobe has the visual cortex
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occipital
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which lobe has hearing, smell, learning
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temporal lobe
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which lobe is hidden
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insula
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which lobe has taste and sensory info
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insula
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what is a thin layer of gray matter and 40 % mass of the brain
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cerebral cortex
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what is the site of conscious mind
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cerebral cortex
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what allows us to recognize spoken, written language
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wernicke's
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what allows us to control muscles, and generates motor rpogram
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broca's
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what do the left and right hemisphere of the brain do
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left- math, science
right- art, music |
