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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the name given to the thalamus region in the brain?
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Diencephalon
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What three structures does the brainstem include?
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1-midbrain
2-pons 3-medulla oblongata |
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What are the 2 protective covering of the brain?
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1-Cranial bones
2-Cranial meninges |
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What is the outermost layer of the dura mater in the brain?
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Periosteal layer
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Is the periosteal layer continuous with the spinal cord?
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NO
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Is the meningeal layer continuous with the spinal cord?
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YES
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What is the innermost layer of the dura mater in the brain?
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meningeal layer
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Where is the Falx cerebri?
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between the 2 cerebrum hemispheres
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Where is the Falx Cerebelli found?
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Between the 2 cerebellum hemispheres
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Where is the tentorium cerebelli found?
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Between the cerebellum and cerebrum
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Define Arachnoid villi
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Projects of the arachnoid mater that absorb CSF
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Which meningeal layer in the brain has a lot of blood vessels?
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Pia Mater
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Define Ventricles
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Cavities filled with CSF that communicate with each other and the central canal of the spinal cord
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Define Choroid Plexus
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Cluster of capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells
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What do the ependymal cells do in the choroid plexus?
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produce and help circulate CSF
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What are the four ventricles in the brain?
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1,2-Lateral ventricles
3-3rd ventricle 4-4th ventricle |
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What does the Interventricular foramen connect?
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the lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle
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What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?
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the 3rd with the 4th ventricle.
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Define Lateral Aperture
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Holes to let the CSF out of the system
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Define Median Aperture
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Holes to let the CSF out of the system, but it is located inferior to the lateral aperture
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Define Central Canal
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Makes spinal cord and brain continuous and carries CSF
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How many ml of CSF are in the adult?
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150 ml
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What is the purpose of CSF?
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To cushion the CNS
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What is included in the composition of CSF?
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similar to plasma but with less protein and electrolytes
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How is CSF made and absorbed at a constant rate?
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the choroid plexus makes it continuously and the arachnoid villi absorb it back into the system continuously
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True or false: Every ventricle in the brain has a choroid plexus
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TRUE
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What are the 3 main ways CSF contributes to homeostasis?
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1-Mechanical Protection
2-Chemical protection 3-Circulation |
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How does Mechanical Protection contribute to homeostasis?
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Used as a shock absorber because the brain "floats" in the CSF
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How does Chemical Protection contribute to homeostasis?
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Maintains optimal chemical environment for neuronal signals
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How does Circulation contribute to homeostasis?
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Exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and nervous tissue
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Describe the steps of circulation of CSF
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1-CSF formed by ependymal cells in choroid plexus of each lateral ventricle
2-CSF flows through intraventricular foramina 3-CSF flows to 3rd ventricle and more CSF is added 4-CSF goes through cerebral aqueducts 5-CSF goes into 4th ventricle and collects more CSF 6-CSF enters sub-arachnoid space and central canal via median or lateral apertures. 7-CSF travels to central canal and sub-arachnoid space 8-CSF reabsorbed by arachnoid villi |
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How much CSF is made per hour?
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20ml
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Fill in the blank: _____supply to the brain must be continuous
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Glucose
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Fill in the blank: Internal _______ veins remove blood from the brain
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Jugular
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Fill in the blank: ________ blood brings blood to the brain
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Arterial
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What do the vessels on the surface of the brain do?
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Penetrate tissue
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Fill in the blank: The Brain uses___% of our bodies' oxygen and glucose needs
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20
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What happens if brain is deprived of oxygen for 4 minutes?
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Permanent damage to the brain is done; at this point the lysosomes release enzymes
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How is the blood brain barrier maintained?
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By astrocytes, which allow movement of selective substances across barrier.
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Fill in the blank: The Blood Brain Barrier is formed by________ and an extra thick _________ ________
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endothelium; basement membrane
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What does the blood brain barrier allow in?
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Glucose, oxygen, amino acids, and alcohol
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What does the blood brain barrier NOT let in?
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Large proteins, toxins, urea, wastes
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What prevents many substances from leaking out of the capillaries into the brain?
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The blood brain barrier
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What 3 items are included in the Brain stem?
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1-medulla oblongata
2-pons 3-midbrain |
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What is the medulla oblongata?
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A continuation of the spinal cord which contains both sensory and motor tracts
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Define Decussation of Pyramids
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place where 2 motor tracts cross over
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What are Olives?
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Structures that send input to the cerebellum and relay sensory information on stretching of muscles and joints
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Which are the cranial nerves that originate on the Medulla Oblongata?
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VIII Vestibulocvhlear
IX Glossopharyngeal X Vagus XI Accessory XII Hypoglossal |
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What are the sensory nerves found in the Medulla Oblongata?
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Nucleus gracilis and Nucleus Cuneatus
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Which types of tracts does the medulla oblongata contain?
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ascending tracts
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Where does the medulla oblongata get its sensory info from?
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skin and proprioreceptors
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What are the 3 Nuclei vital centers?
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1-Cardiac
2-Respiratory 3-Vasomotor |
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What is the vasomotor nuclei vital center in charge of doing?
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regulating blood pressure
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What is the cardiac nuclei vital center needing to do?
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regulate force and rate of heart beat
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What is the respiratory nuclei vital center meant to do?
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regulate basic respiratory rate
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What are the Nuclei for non-vital centers?
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1-coughing
2-sneezing 3-vomiting 4-swallowing |
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Where is the pons located?
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Between the mid-brain and medulla oblongata
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The pons is the bridge between the ____ and the ______.
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Medulla oblongata and midbrain
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What are the 2 centers in the pons region of the brain?
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Pneumotaxic and apneustic center
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Where are the Middle cerebellar peduncles found?
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between the cerebellum and brainstem (horizontal)
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What carries the sensory information from the brainstem to the cerebellum?
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cerebellar peduncles
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What happens if your pons is damaged?
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respiratory complications and interruption of voluntary muscle movement
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Which cranial nerves orignate in the pons?
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Nerves V through VIII (trochlear)
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What is another name for the interbrain?
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Diencephalon
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What are cerebral peduncles?
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tracts that connect mid-brain to the cerebrum
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What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?
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the 3rd to the 4th ventricle
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What is the function of the Red Nucleus?
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To be the relay center for motor tracts
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Which cranial nerves originate in the mid-brain?
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cranial nerves III and IV
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What is the Corpora Quadrigemina?
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The group of 4 colliculi (2 superior and 2 inferior) that are found on the dorsal side of the mid-brain
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What is the function of the superior colliculi?
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contain visual reflex centers that coordinate head and eye movement
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What is the function of the inferior colliculi?
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Contain auditory reflex centers
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What is the function of the mid-brain?
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To integrate visual and auditory reflex
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Where is the pineal gland located?
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in the interbrain
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What does the pineal gland secrete and what does it help with?
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Melatonin; helps with sleeping
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Where is the Reticular Formation found?
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Throughout the Brain Stem
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What are the functions of the Reticular Formation?
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to wake you up (biological clock), to alert cerebral cortex to sensory signals, and to maintain consciousness
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What is the motor function of Reticular Formation?
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involvement with maintaining muscle tone.
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What is the central area of the cerebellum in humans?
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the vermis
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What are the 2 function of the cerebellum?
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1-Voluntary muscle contraction and posture based on sensory data from the body
2-sense of equilibrium |
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What is another name for the folia of the cerebellum?
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The cerebellar cortex
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What surrounds the arbor vitae?
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Folia (cerebellar cortex) and central nuclei
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What type of matter is the arbor vitae?
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White matter
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What surrounds the 3rd ventricle?
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the diencephalon (or interbrain)
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In which part of the brain is the pineal gland?
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The interbrain
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In which part of the brain is the thalamus?
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The interbrain
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In which part of the brain is the Hypothalamus?
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The interbrain
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What structure is superior to the hypothalamus?
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the thalamus
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In which part of the brain is the pineal gland?
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The interbrain
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Which structure in the diencephalon contains a LOT of nuclei?
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the hypothalamus
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In which part of the brain is the thalamus?
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The interbrain
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In which part of the brain is the Hypothalamus?
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The interbrain
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What structure is superior to the hypothalamus?
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the thalamus
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Which structure in the diencephalon contains a LOT of nuclei?
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the hypothalamus
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What do the Inferior CPs do?
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Transmit sensory information from vestibule of the inner ear and propriceptors to the cerebellum (balance).
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What do the Middle CPs do?
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Axons carry commands for voluntary movements
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What do the Superior CPs do?
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Axons connect cerebellum to red nucleus in mid-brain and to several thalamic nuclei.
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Where does the cochlear branch of the vestibulochochlear nerve originate?
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The pons
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Where does the vestibulo branch of the vestibulochochlear nerve originate?
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The Medulla
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What are the 2 halves of the thalamus connected by?
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Intermediate mass
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What is the relay station for sensory information on the way to cortex?
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Thalamus
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What sensory information does the thalamus NOT relay?
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smell
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What does the thalamus allow you to discriminate between?
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Pleasant and unpleasant sensations
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What does the hypothalamus use to send signals?
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neurons and endocrine
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How many nuclei are in the hypothalamus?
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a dozen or so
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What are the four regions of the hypothalamus that contain nuclei?
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1-Mammilary region
2-Tuberal region 3-Supraoptic region 4-Pre-optic region |
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What does the infundibulum connect?
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The pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
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What receptors does the hypothalamus contain?
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receptors for:
ossmotic pressure certain hormone concentrations temperature of blood |
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What is said to be the link between nervous and endocrine systems?
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the hypothalamus
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Where in the interbrain is the optic chiasma present?
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the hypothalamus
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What is the function of the pituitary gland?
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to secrete hormones that tell other glands what to do
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Define Gyri
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Elevated ridges in the cerebrum
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Define Sulci
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Grooves in the cerebrum
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Define Fissures
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Deep grooves in the cerebrum
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Define Median Longitudinal Fissure
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Divides cerebral hemispheres into left and right sections
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Define Transverse Fissure
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Separates cerebrum from the cerebellum
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Define Cerebral Cortex
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Thin, outer region composed of gray matter that allows thought, memory, understanding, and judgement
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What is one function of the cerebral cortex that is highly localized?
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Speech
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What is one function of the cerebral cortex that is diffuse?
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Memory
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Where is the primary motor area of the cerebrum located?
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in the pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe
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What is the primary motor area of the cerebrum's function?
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to permit conscious control over skeletal muscle
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Where is the pre-motor area of the cerebrum located?
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Anterior to the pre-central gyrus
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What is the pre-motor area of the cerebrum's function?
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to control learned skills and coordinate movements of several groups of muscles at a time
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What are the 2 parts of speech?
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Motor and cognitive
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Explain motor part of speech
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Actual speaking
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Explain Cognitive part of speech
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Understanding language
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What is the motor area of the cerebrum called?
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Broca's area or motor speech area
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Where is the Broca's area located?
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At the base of the premotor area
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Which hemisphere is the Broca's area usually found?
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The left side
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What is the function of the Broca's area?
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To produce impulses for muscle contraction necessary for speech
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What are the 6 sensory areas of the cerebrum?
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1-Primary sensory area
2-visual cortex 3-Auditory cortex 4-Olfactory Area 5-Gustatory Area 6-Wernicke's area |
