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153 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

The skull


Vertebral column


Sternum


Ribs and associated structures

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Clavicle


Scapula


Upper limbs


Pelvis


Lower limbs

What are the 6 main functions of the Skelton?

Protection


To produce RBC, WBC and platelets


Act as a store for calcium and phosphorus


Locomotion


Act as a surface for tendons and muscles to attach to


Support by providing form and structure

What are joints?

The point of contact between bones


Aka articulations

What are the 11 links in the skeleton?

Head and Neck


Thoracic vertebrae (mid back)


Shoulder girdle


Arm (elbow)


Forearm


Hand


Lumbar vertebrae (lower back)


Pelvis


Thigh


Lower leg


Foot

What is cartilage?

A firm and flexible connective tissue that is made of a dense network of collagen and elastic fibres

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Hyaline


Fibrocartilage


Elastic

Where is hyaline found?

At the end of bones

What does elastic cartilage do?

Maintains the shape of organs

Where is Fibrocartilage in the body?

The outer fibrous ring of intervertebral discs

Which type of cartilage is the infant skeleton made out of?

Hyaline

What are ligaments?

The link that holds bones together made of short cord like bands of connective tissue

What is a tendon?

Connective tissue that connects bones to muscles

What is the structure of a tendon?

White fibrous cords of dense and regularly arranged connective tissue

Why does it take damaged cartilage, ligament and tendons longer to heal?

The blood supply is relatively low

What are the long term effects of exercise on the body?

Bones become stronger and denser


Ligaments and joints become stronger


Articular cartilage becomes thicker


Joints become more stable

What condition can be reduced from regular weight bearing exercise?

Osteoporosis

What are the short term effects of exercise on the skeleton?

Synovial fluid in the joints is increased allowing greater range of movement

What is synovial fluid?

A viscous fluid that lubricates joints and tendon sheaths

What are bones made out of?

Inorganic and organic material

What organic material are bones made of?

Gelatine


Collagen


Fats

What inorganic material are bones made out of?

Calcium phosphate


Calcium carbonate

What are the different parts of the bone?

Marrow cavaties


Bulbous end


Periosteum


Shaft

What are marrow cavities in the bone?

Part of the bone that holds red and yellow marrow

What is yellow marrow?

Marrow that is mainly consisting of fats used as an energy store

What is red bone marrow?

Marrow that provides the body with RBC, WBC and platelets

What does the bulbous end of the bone consist of?

A lattice work of thin plates of bone called trabeculae

What is the Periosteum?

The membrane that surrounds each bone

What is the Periosteum responsible for?

The formation and repair of bone after a breakage

What is the bone shaft made of?

Very dense and strong bone material

What is ossification?

The process of forming new bone

What is the embryonic skeleton made out of?

Cartilidge (hyaline)

At what age does full skeletal maturity occur?

Around 25 years

What are osteoblasts?

A immature bone cells that make osteoid which mineralises to become bone

What are osteocytes?

A mature bone cell that deals with the daily exchange of nutrients and waste

What are osteoclasts?

Large cells that are responsible for the growth, maintenance and repair of bone cells

What are fontenels?

The incomplete ossification of new born baby skulls. They consist of collagen and blood vessels

What are long bones?

The limbs of the skeleton

What is the Head of the bone?

The proximal end

What is the foot of the bone?

The distal end

What are the protrusions at the end of long bones called?

Tubersities

What are short bones made out of?

A hard surface surrounded by spongy tissue

What do flat bones look like?

Broad with a smooth surface

What are the functions of flat bones within the body?

To provide protection to organs


To provide attachment sites for muscles

What are irregular bones?

Bones that do not fit into other categories ie vertebrae

What are structural bones?

Small bones located in the joints of some cranial bones

What are sesamoid bones?

Small bones that are enbedded in tendons where there is pressure. They protect tendons from wear and tear eg the kneecap

How many bertebral bones are in the skeleton?

26

How are the vertebral bones split?

7 cervical


12 thoracic


5 lumbar


5 saccral


4 coccygeal

What are the main functions of the spinal column?

Support the body in an upright position


Permit movement


Protect the spinal cord

What are intervertebral discs?

A layer of cartilidge found between each vertebrae that act as shock absorbers

Why is the spinal column curved?

To ensure that weight is centred over the feet to help prevent falling


Provide flexibility of movement

What movement does the cervical column allow?

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation

What movements does the thoracic vertebrae allow?

Rotation


Limited flexion, extension and lateral flexion due to the attachment of ribs

What movement does the lumbar vertebrae allow?

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, very limited rotation

What movement does the saccral vertebrae allow?

No significant movement

What movement does the cocceygeal vertebrae allow?

No significant movement

What is the function of the cervical vertebrae?

To provide stability and flexibility for the atlas joint at the base of the skull

What is the function of the lumbar vertebrae?

To provide support and be weight bearing

What is the function of the sacrum vertebrae?

To support organs above it and serve as a strong foundation for the pelvic girdle

What is the function of the coccyx?

Act as an attachment site for tendons, ligaments and muscles


To provide support and stabilise while sitting

What is neutral alignment?

The position in whixh the spinal vertebrae and Pelvis are all aligned and maintained with the least amount of stress

What is scoliosis?

A postural deviation where there is lateral bending of the vertebral column that occurs in the thoracic region

What is kyphosis?

A postural deviation where there is an exaggerated thoracic curve, sometimes referred to as a hunchback

What is lordosis?

A postural deviation where there is an exaggeration of the lumbar spi e which is often associated with an increase in weight eg pregnancy

What is a joint?

A point of contact between bones


An articulation

What is a synarthroses?

An immovable joint

What is the advantage of an immovable joint?

To provide protection

What are amphiarthroses?

A slightly movable joint eg the Pelvis joint

What are syndesmosis?

A joint held together by ligaments


Aka ligamentous

What is symphysis?

A joint held together by cartilage

What are synovial joints?

A freely movable joint


Aka diarthrises eg knee joint

What is articular cartilage and what does it do?

A layer of smooth fibrous cartilage that prevents bones from rubbing and absorbs shock

What does the synovial membrane do?

Produces synovial fluid that lubricates joints

Describe a ball and socket joint

A freely moving joint that permits movement in all directions eg hip shoulder

Describe a hinge joint

A joint that allows movement through one plane

Describe a pivot joint

Allows rotation in one plane

Describe a sliding joint

Surfaces of bones that glide over each other

Describe a saddle joint

Both bones have concave curfaces which allows movement in all directions but with limited rotation. Eg thumb

Describe a condyloid joint

An oval shaped of one bone fits into the shallow cavity of another bone

What is the sagittal plane?

The vertical plane dividing the body into left and right sides

What is the frontal plane?

The verticle plane that diveds the body into anterior and posterior

What is the horizontal plane?

Divides the body into superior and inferior

What is ROM?

Range of movement


The amount of possible movement measured in degrees

How does bone structure affect ROM?

Can limit the degree of movement

How can the elasticity of muscles, tendons and ligaments effect the range of movement?

Depends on how flexible and stiff they are

Can a bulk of muscle or other tissue effect ROM?

Yes - eg someone with a larger abdomen may find it harder to bend forward

What does restricted ROM do to flexibility?

Reduces flexibility which reduces performance, endurance and causes fatigue

How can you increase ROM?

Regular exercise where muscles and connective tissue are stretched

What does increased flexibility do to a joint?

Reduces stability

What is flexion?

Reducing the angle at a joint


Eg bending the arm at the elbow

What is extension?

Increasing the angle at a joint


Eg straightening the arm at the elbow

What is lateral flexion?

Bending sideways

What is horizontal flexion?

Movement on the horizontal plane towards the midline of the body

What is horizontal extension?

Movement on the horizontal plane away from the midline

What is hyperextension?

When a part of the body is extended beyond normal anatomical extension

What is abduction?

Moving away from the midline of the body

What is adduction?

Moving towards the midline of the body

What is rotation?

Movement along the longitudinal axis

What is medial rotation?

Moving the forearm at 90 degree angle relative to upper arm

What is lateral rotation

Rotation away from the body

What is circumduction?

Circular or conical movement of a body part

What is pronation?

Palm down rotation of the forearm

What is supination?

Palm up rotation of the hand and forearm

What are the 5 movements of the shoulder girdle?

Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, upward & downward rotation

What is elevation?

An upward movement eg shrugging

What is depression?

A downward movement

What is protraction?

Movement forward in a plane parallel to the ground eg moving the shoulder blades away from the spine - rounded forward abduction

What is retraction

Movement backwards in a plane parallel to the ground eg squeezing shoulder blades

What is an example of upward and downward rotation?

The scapula rotation upward and downward

What is plantar flexion?

Pointing toes down towards the ground

What is dorsi flexion?

Pointing toes upwards towards the knee

What is eversion?

Rotation of the foot so the sole is outward

What is inversion?

Rotation of the foot so the sole is inwards

What is arthritis?

Joint inflammation

What is rheumatism?

Discomfort in the joints

What is spondylitis?

Inflammation of the spine and joints

What can inflammation of the joints cause?

Pain, stiffness and swelling. There can be redness of the skin around the inflamed joint

What is a sprain?

Overstretching or tearing of ligament fibres supporting a joint

What causes a sprain?

A forced movement beyond the range of ligament fibres

What are the typical symptoms of a sprain?

Sudden pain and swelling around a joint


Stiffness


Joint may be bruised due to internal bleeding

Where are common sprain sites?

Ankles, wrists, knees, fingers, toes

What is osteoarthritis?

Deterioration of articular cartilage

What % of 70 year olds suffer from osteoarthritis?

80%

What is a first order lever?

Effort, fulcrum, weight


Eg a see saw

What is a second order lever?

Effort, weight, fulcrum


Eg a wheel barrow

What is a third order lever?

Fulcrum, effort, weight


Eg bicep

What is a fulcrum?

The fixed point in a lever - the point at which the lever moves and it passes through a joint

What is effort?

The force that is applied at the point where muscles are attwhcee to the bone. Contraction of the muscles produce the required effort

What is load?

The centre of gravity of the object being lifted or moved

What is the mechanical ratio?

Force x distance to fulcrum = load x distance to fulcrum

What is a proximal attachment?

A muscle attachment nearest to the midline of the body

What is a distal attachment?

A muscle attachement furthest away from the midline of the body

What are superficial muscles?

Muscles mear the surface of the body eg the trapezius

What are deep muscles?

Muscles that are deep within the body

How many muscles are in the body?

Over 700 muscles

How many pairs of skeletal muscles are there?

430 pairs

How many pairs of muscles execute vigorous movement?

80 pairs

What is the all or nothing principle?

Muscles are either 100% in contraction or 100% relaxed

What is contractility?

The ability to contract to generate force

What is elasticity?

The ability for muscles to return to normal after being stretched

What is extensionality?

How much a muscle can be stretched beyond its normal length

What is conductivity?

The ability for a muscle cell to conduct electrical impulses

What is excitability?

How quickly a muscle cell is able to respond to a stimulus

What does the nervous system do?

System of control and communication. Stimulates muscle growth, co-ordinate movement, responds to stimuli

What is the CNS composed of?

Brain, spinal cord, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves

What is the PNS?

Peripheral Nervous System - nerves that are not in the skull and spine

What are the divisions of the CNS?

Somatic and autonomic

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

Voluntary as controls skeletal muscles

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

Involuntary as it controls cardiac and smooth muscle and glands

What is a reflex?

An action in direct response to an outside stimulus

What is neuromuscular efficiency and what does it do?

The ability for the nervous system to communicate with the muscular system which allows muscles to perform effectively

What are the benefits of enhanced neuromuscular efficiency?

Reduced risk of injury


Increased force production


Enhanced spatial awareness


Enhanced stability


Reduced energy expenditure