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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the axial skeleton consist of? |
The skull Vertebral column Sternum Ribs and associated structures |
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What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? |
Clavicle Scapula Upper limbs Pelvis Lower limbs |
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What are the 6 main functions of the Skelton? |
Protection To produce RBC, WBC and platelets Act as a store for calcium and phosphorus Locomotion Act as a surface for tendons and muscles to attach to Support by providing form and structure |
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What are joints? |
The point of contact between bones Aka articulations |
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What are the 11 links in the skeleton? |
Head and Neck Thoracic vertebrae (mid back) Shoulder girdle Arm (elbow) Forearm Hand Lumbar vertebrae (lower back) Pelvis Thigh Lower leg Foot |
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What is cartilage? |
A firm and flexible connective tissue that is made of a dense network of collagen and elastic fibres |
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What are the 3 types of cartilage? |
Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic |
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Where is hyaline found? |
At the end of bones |
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What does elastic cartilage do? |
Maintains the shape of organs |
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Where is Fibrocartilage in the body? |
The outer fibrous ring of intervertebral discs |
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Which type of cartilage is the infant skeleton made out of? |
Hyaline |
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What are ligaments? |
The link that holds bones together made of short cord like bands of connective tissue |
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What is a tendon? |
Connective tissue that connects bones to muscles |
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What is the structure of a tendon? |
White fibrous cords of dense and regularly arranged connective tissue |
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Why does it take damaged cartilage, ligament and tendons longer to heal? |
The blood supply is relatively low |
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What are the long term effects of exercise on the body? |
Bones become stronger and denser Ligaments and joints become stronger Articular cartilage becomes thicker Joints become more stable |
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What condition can be reduced from regular weight bearing exercise? |
Osteoporosis |
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What are the short term effects of exercise on the skeleton? |
Synovial fluid in the joints is increased allowing greater range of movement |
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What is synovial fluid? |
A viscous fluid that lubricates joints and tendon sheaths |
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What are bones made out of? |
Inorganic and organic material |
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What organic material are bones made of? |
Gelatine Collagen Fats |
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What inorganic material are bones made out of? |
Calcium phosphate Calcium carbonate |
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What are the different parts of the bone? |
Marrow cavaties Bulbous end Periosteum Shaft |
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What are marrow cavities in the bone? |
Part of the bone that holds red and yellow marrow |
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What is yellow marrow? |
Marrow that is mainly consisting of fats used as an energy store |
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What is red bone marrow? |
Marrow that provides the body with RBC, WBC and platelets |
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What does the bulbous end of the bone consist of? |
A lattice work of thin plates of bone called trabeculae |
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What is the Periosteum? |
The membrane that surrounds each bone |
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What is the Periosteum responsible for? |
The formation and repair of bone after a breakage |
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What is the bone shaft made of? |
Very dense and strong bone material |
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What is ossification? |
The process of forming new bone |
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What is the embryonic skeleton made out of? |
Cartilidge (hyaline) |
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At what age does full skeletal maturity occur? |
Around 25 years |
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What are osteoblasts? |
A immature bone cells that make osteoid which mineralises to become bone |
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What are osteocytes? |
A mature bone cell that deals with the daily exchange of nutrients and waste |
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What are osteoclasts? |
Large cells that are responsible for the growth, maintenance and repair of bone cells |
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What are fontenels? |
The incomplete ossification of new born baby skulls. They consist of collagen and blood vessels |
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What are long bones? |
The limbs of the skeleton |
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What is the Head of the bone? |
The proximal end |
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What is the foot of the bone? |
The distal end |
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What are the protrusions at the end of long bones called? |
Tubersities |
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What are short bones made out of? |
A hard surface surrounded by spongy tissue |
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What do flat bones look like? |
Broad with a smooth surface |
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What are the functions of flat bones within the body? |
To provide protection to organs To provide attachment sites for muscles |
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What are irregular bones? |
Bones that do not fit into other categories ie vertebrae |
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What are structural bones? |
Small bones located in the joints of some cranial bones |
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What are sesamoid bones? |
Small bones that are enbedded in tendons where there is pressure. They protect tendons from wear and tear eg the kneecap |
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How many bertebral bones are in the skeleton? |
26 |
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How are the vertebral bones split? |
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 saccral 4 coccygeal |
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What are the main functions of the spinal column? |
Support the body in an upright position Permit movement Protect the spinal cord |
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What are intervertebral discs? |
A layer of cartilidge found between each vertebrae that act as shock absorbers |
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Why is the spinal column curved? |
To ensure that weight is centred over the feet to help prevent falling Provide flexibility of movement |
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What movement does the cervical column allow? |
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation |
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What movements does the thoracic vertebrae allow? |
Rotation Limited flexion, extension and lateral flexion due to the attachment of ribs |
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What movement does the lumbar vertebrae allow? |
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, very limited rotation |
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What movement does the saccral vertebrae allow? |
No significant movement |
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What movement does the cocceygeal vertebrae allow? |
No significant movement |
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What is the function of the cervical vertebrae? |
To provide stability and flexibility for the atlas joint at the base of the skull |
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What is the function of the lumbar vertebrae? |
To provide support and be weight bearing |
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What is the function of the sacrum vertebrae? |
To support organs above it and serve as a strong foundation for the pelvic girdle |
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What is the function of the coccyx? |
Act as an attachment site for tendons, ligaments and muscles To provide support and stabilise while sitting |
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What is neutral alignment? |
The position in whixh the spinal vertebrae and Pelvis are all aligned and maintained with the least amount of stress |
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What is scoliosis? |
A postural deviation where there is lateral bending of the vertebral column that occurs in the thoracic region |
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What is kyphosis? |
A postural deviation where there is an exaggerated thoracic curve, sometimes referred to as a hunchback |
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What is lordosis? |
A postural deviation where there is an exaggeration of the lumbar spi e which is often associated with an increase in weight eg pregnancy |
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What is a joint? |
A point of contact between bones An articulation |
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What is a synarthroses? |
An immovable joint |
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What is the advantage of an immovable joint? |
To provide protection |
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What are amphiarthroses? |
A slightly movable joint eg the Pelvis joint |
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What are syndesmosis? |
A joint held together by ligaments Aka ligamentous |
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What is symphysis? |
A joint held together by cartilage |
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What are synovial joints? |
A freely movable joint Aka diarthrises eg knee joint |
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What is articular cartilage and what does it do? |
A layer of smooth fibrous cartilage that prevents bones from rubbing and absorbs shock |
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What does the synovial membrane do? |
Produces synovial fluid that lubricates joints |
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Describe a ball and socket joint |
A freely moving joint that permits movement in all directions eg hip shoulder |
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Describe a hinge joint |
A joint that allows movement through one plane |
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Describe a pivot joint |
Allows rotation in one plane |
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Describe a sliding joint |
Surfaces of bones that glide over each other |
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Describe a saddle joint |
Both bones have concave curfaces which allows movement in all directions but with limited rotation. Eg thumb |
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Describe a condyloid joint |
An oval shaped of one bone fits into the shallow cavity of another bone |
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What is the sagittal plane? |
The vertical plane dividing the body into left and right sides |
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What is the frontal plane? |
The verticle plane that diveds the body into anterior and posterior |
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What is the horizontal plane? |
Divides the body into superior and inferior |
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What is ROM? |
Range of movement The amount of possible movement measured in degrees |
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How does bone structure affect ROM? |
Can limit the degree of movement |
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How can the elasticity of muscles, tendons and ligaments effect the range of movement? |
Depends on how flexible and stiff they are |
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Can a bulk of muscle or other tissue effect ROM? |
Yes - eg someone with a larger abdomen may find it harder to bend forward |
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What does restricted ROM do to flexibility? |
Reduces flexibility which reduces performance, endurance and causes fatigue |
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How can you increase ROM? |
Regular exercise where muscles and connective tissue are stretched |
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What does increased flexibility do to a joint? |
Reduces stability |
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What is flexion? |
Reducing the angle at a joint Eg bending the arm at the elbow |
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What is extension? |
Increasing the angle at a joint Eg straightening the arm at the elbow |
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What is lateral flexion? |
Bending sideways |
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What is horizontal flexion? |
Movement on the horizontal plane towards the midline of the body |
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What is horizontal extension? |
Movement on the horizontal plane away from the midline |
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What is hyperextension? |
When a part of the body is extended beyond normal anatomical extension |
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What is abduction? |
Moving away from the midline of the body |
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What is adduction? |
Moving towards the midline of the body |
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What is rotation? |
Movement along the longitudinal axis |
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What is medial rotation? |
Moving the forearm at 90 degree angle relative to upper arm |
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What is lateral rotation |
Rotation away from the body |
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What is circumduction? |
Circular or conical movement of a body part |
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What is pronation? |
Palm down rotation of the forearm |
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What is supination? |
Palm up rotation of the hand and forearm |
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What are the 5 movements of the shoulder girdle? |
Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, upward & downward rotation |
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What is elevation? |
An upward movement eg shrugging |
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What is depression? |
A downward movement |
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What is protraction? |
Movement forward in a plane parallel to the ground eg moving the shoulder blades away from the spine - rounded forward abduction |
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What is retraction |
Movement backwards in a plane parallel to the ground eg squeezing shoulder blades |
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What is an example of upward and downward rotation? |
The scapula rotation upward and downward |
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What is plantar flexion? |
Pointing toes down towards the ground |
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What is dorsi flexion? |
Pointing toes upwards towards the knee |
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What is eversion? |
Rotation of the foot so the sole is outward |
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What is inversion? |
Rotation of the foot so the sole is inwards |
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What is arthritis? |
Joint inflammation |
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What is rheumatism? |
Discomfort in the joints |
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What is spondylitis? |
Inflammation of the spine and joints |
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What can inflammation of the joints cause? |
Pain, stiffness and swelling. There can be redness of the skin around the inflamed joint |
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What is a sprain? |
Overstretching or tearing of ligament fibres supporting a joint |
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What causes a sprain? |
A forced movement beyond the range of ligament fibres |
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What are the typical symptoms of a sprain? |
Sudden pain and swelling around a joint Stiffness Joint may be bruised due to internal bleeding |
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Where are common sprain sites? |
Ankles, wrists, knees, fingers, toes |
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What is osteoarthritis? |
Deterioration of articular cartilage |
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What % of 70 year olds suffer from osteoarthritis? |
80% |
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What is a first order lever? |
Effort, fulcrum, weight Eg a see saw |
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What is a second order lever? |
Effort, weight, fulcrum Eg a wheel barrow |
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What is a third order lever? |
Fulcrum, effort, weight Eg bicep |
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What is a fulcrum? |
The fixed point in a lever - the point at which the lever moves and it passes through a joint |
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What is effort? |
The force that is applied at the point where muscles are attwhcee to the bone. Contraction of the muscles produce the required effort |
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What is load? |
The centre of gravity of the object being lifted or moved |
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What is the mechanical ratio? |
Force x distance to fulcrum = load x distance to fulcrum |
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What is a proximal attachment? |
A muscle attachment nearest to the midline of the body |
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What is a distal attachment? |
A muscle attachement furthest away from the midline of the body |
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What are superficial muscles? |
Muscles mear the surface of the body eg the trapezius |
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What are deep muscles? |
Muscles that are deep within the body |
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How many muscles are in the body? |
Over 700 muscles |
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How many pairs of skeletal muscles are there? |
430 pairs |
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How many pairs of muscles execute vigorous movement? |
80 pairs |
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What is the all or nothing principle? |
Muscles are either 100% in contraction or 100% relaxed |
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What is contractility? |
The ability to contract to generate force |
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What is elasticity? |
The ability for muscles to return to normal after being stretched |
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What is extensionality? |
How much a muscle can be stretched beyond its normal length |
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What is conductivity? |
The ability for a muscle cell to conduct electrical impulses |
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What is excitability? |
How quickly a muscle cell is able to respond to a stimulus |
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What does the nervous system do? |
System of control and communication. Stimulates muscle growth, co-ordinate movement, responds to stimuli |
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What is the CNS composed of? |
Brain, spinal cord, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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What is the PNS? |
Peripheral Nervous System - nerves that are not in the skull and spine |
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What are the divisions of the CNS? |
Somatic and autonomic |
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What is the function of the somatic nervous system? |
Voluntary as controls skeletal muscles |
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What is the function of the autonomic nervous system? |
Involuntary as it controls cardiac and smooth muscle and glands |
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What is a reflex? |
An action in direct response to an outside stimulus |
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What is neuromuscular efficiency and what does it do? |
The ability for the nervous system to communicate with the muscular system which allows muscles to perform effectively |
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What are the benefits of enhanced neuromuscular efficiency? |
Reduced risk of injury Increased force production Enhanced spatial awareness Enhanced stability Reduced energy expenditure |