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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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The structure of the Human Body
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Physiology
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Function of the Human Body
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The Characteristics of Life
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1. Growth
2. Reproduction 3. Digestion 4. Respiration 5. Assimilation 6. Excretion 7. Metabolism |
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Needs of an Organism
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1. Water
2. Oxygen 3. Food 4. Heat 5. Pressure (atmospheric pressure) |
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Hypoxia
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Insufficient amount of Oxygen
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Homeostasis
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Maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body
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Hyperthermia
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Above normal body temperature
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Hypothermia
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Below normal body temperature
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Heat related illness
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1. Heat Stress
2. Heat Exhaustion 3. Heat Stroke |
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Homeostatic Mechanisms
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Sweating (vasodilation)
No sweating (vasoconstriction) Shivering |
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Levels of Organization
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1. Subatomic Particles
2. Atom 3. Molecule 4. Macromolecule 5. Organelle 6. Cell 7. Tissue 8. Organ 9. Organ System 10. Organism |
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Glucagon
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Hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes the release of glucose from glycogen (raises blood sugar level)
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Gluconeogenesis
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The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate materials, such as amino acid molecules.
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Glucose
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A monosaccharide (simple sugar, 6-carbon sugar) found in the blood that serves as the primary source of cellular energy.
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Glycerol
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An organic compound that serves as a building block for fat molecules
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Glycogen
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A polysaccharide that functions to store glucose in the liver and muscles
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Glycogenesis
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The formation of glycogen from glucose in the liver and muscles
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Glycogenolysis
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The conversion of glycogen to glucose
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Glycolysis
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The conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid during cellular respiration (anerobic respiration).
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Glycoprotein
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A substance composed of a carbohydrate combined with a protein
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Stages of Mitosis
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I - interphase
P - prophase M - metaphase A - anaphase T - telaphase |
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Passive Transport
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No energy required
Lesser concentration to greater concentration (with the concentration gradient) Does not require carriers except for facilitated diffusion |
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Types of Passive Transport
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Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Hydrostatic pressure/filtration |
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Active Transport
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Requires Energy
Lesser concentration to greater concentration (against the concentration gradient) Requires protein carriers |
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Types of Active Transport
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Endocytosis - into
Exocytosis - exit Phagocytosis - cell eating Pinocytosis - cell drinking Receptor-mediated Endocytosis |
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Development
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Zygote to Adult
1. Growth: an increase in size 2. Differentiation: specialization of cells and tissues 3. Morphogenesis: shaping of the adult body |
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Polysaccharides
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Complex carbs - storage of energy - glycogen
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Disaccharides
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Transport energy - sucrose
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Nucleic Acids
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DNA contains genetic information
RNA copy information from DNA and synthesize proteins |
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Monosaccharides
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Simple/single sugars - quick energy - glucose
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Essential Nutrient
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Is a nutrient that the body cannot produce or produce enough of so it must come from the diet
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Nutrients
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Organic
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Vitamins 5. Nucleic Acids Inorganic 6. Minerals 7. Water |
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Inorganic
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Do not have both Carbon and Hydrogen
Electrolytes |
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Organic
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Must contain Carbon and Hydrogen
Non-electrolytes |
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Buffer Systems (Homostatic Systems)
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Changes a strong acid or a strong base in to a weak acid or a weak base
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Catalyst
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Substance that speeds up a reaction, but does not become part of the product
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Exchange Reaction
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AB + CD ------> AC + BD
Raw material ------> product |
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Reversible Reaction
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A+B <------> AB
Raw material <------> product |
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Decomposition Reaction
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AB ------> A+B
Raw material ------> product |
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Synthesis Reaction
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A+B ------> AB
Raw material ------> product |
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Enzyme
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Globular protein that lowers "activation energy" so that chemical reactions can occur at normal body temperature.
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Types of Bonds
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1. Covalent - sharing of electrons
2. Ionic - held together by charges 3. Hydrogen Create a bond your store energy Break a bond you release energy |
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Compound
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Two or more different elements (two atoms)
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Molecule
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Two or more atoms put together with a bond
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Atomic Number
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The number of protons in the atoms of a particular element
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Isotopes
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Atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic weights (differ in neutrons they contain)
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Atomic Weight
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The number of protons plus the number of neutrons
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Responsiveness/irritability
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The ability of an organism to sense changes taking place inside or outside it's body
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Excretion
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The removal of wastes from the body of an organism
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Organs
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Groups of different tissues form structures
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Atoms
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The composition of an element
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Ionic Bond
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A bond that forms between two charged atoms or ions
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Water soluble Vitamins
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B and C
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Fat soluble Vitamins
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A, D, E, and K
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Electrolytes
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Substances that release ions in water
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Cell Membrane
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1. Structure/shape
2. protection 3. regulates what goes in and out or enters/leaves |
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Bi-layer of phospholipids
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Cell Membrane
cholesterols (LDL/HDL) integral Proteins |
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Osmosis
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The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
from greater water concentration to lesser water concentration |
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Isotonic
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The same
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Hypotonic
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Less then
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Hypertonic
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More then
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RBC's (0.9% NaCl) - Plasma (0.9% NaCl)
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RBC's and Plasma are Isotonic
RBC's do not shrink or swell |
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RBC's (0.9% NaCl) - Plasma (2.0% NaCl)
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Plasma is hypertonic to RBC's
Water will leave RBC's by osmosis and RBC's will shrink known as Crenation |
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RBC's (0.9% NaCl) - Plasma (0.5% NaCl)
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Plasma is Hypotonic to RBC's
Water will enter RBC's by osmosis and RBC's will swell and burst known as Hemolyze |
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Mitosis
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Division of cell into 2 genetically identical daughter cells
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Meiosis
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Cutting the number of chromosomes in half
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2n - Diploid Cell
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Somatic Cells
Body Cells 46 Chromosones |
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n - Haploid Cells
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One set of Chromosones
23 Chromosones Sperm Cells Egg Cells Gamete or Sex Cells |
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Acidic
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H+ ions is greater then the OH- ions
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Base
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OH- ions are greater then the H+ ions
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Neutral
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H+ ions equals the OH- ions
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4 Primary living elements
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Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) |
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Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides
Disaccharides Polysaccharides |
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Proteins
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Used for structure
Amnio acids - total of 20 only 8 are essential Known as polypeptide |
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Nucleotides
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Phosphate group: unit of nucleic acid
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Organelles
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Nucleus
Nucleolus ER or Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus Vessicle Vacuole Peroxisome Lysosome Cytoskeleton |
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Nucleus
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Controls cell activity
Contains and protects the DNA Allows mitosis to occur |
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Nucleolus
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Produces ribosomes
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Ribosomes
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Protein and RNA (are the only organelle that has no membrane)
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Mitochondria
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Cristae produces ATP
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Golgi Apparatus
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Packaging and distribution
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Vessicle
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Transport materials
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Vacuole
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Storage of Materials
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Peroxisome
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Trash collector, contain lytic enzymes, takes hydrogen peroxide down to usable form (o2 and h2O)
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Lysosome
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Contains Hydrolytic enzymes
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Cytoskeleton
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Strips of proteins
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Microtubules are:
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Long and Hollow
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Intermediate filaments are:
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Intermediate length and semi-solid
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Actin Filament are:
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Short and solid
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Interphase
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Longest phase where DNA replication occurs
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Prophase
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chromatids; nuclear membrane disappears
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Metaphase
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Chromatids line up in the center of cell, spindle forms
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Anaphase
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Fastest phase, chromatids broken apart through centromere
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Telaphase
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Nuclear envelopes begin to reassemble around two daughter cells and cytokinesis occurs (division of the cytoplasm
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Fat molecule
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3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
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Nucleic acids are composed of
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Nucleotides
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Ribosomes
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Composed primarily of protein and RNA
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Gap Junctions
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Tubular channels between and connecting cardiac muscle cells
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Where are ribosomes produced?
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Nucleolus
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Exocytosis
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The movement of material out of a cell in a vessicle
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Cytokinesis
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Division of the cytoplasm
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Anaplasia
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Appearance of abnormalities in cellular structure
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Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
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Protein production
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Smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
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Lipid Production
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Ribose
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5-Carbon sugar in RNA
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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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The genetic material; a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides, each containing a phospate group, a nitrogenous base, and the sugar deoxyribose
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Hyperplasia
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Means increase in number of cells/proliferation of cells. It may result in the gross enlargement of an organ.
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Metastasis
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Is the spread of a cancer from one organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part.
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