Anatomy

Front 1

electrocardiogram

Back 1

record electrical activities of heart

evaluate heart attacks arrhythmias heart failure hypertrophy, damage to muscle

Front 2

arteriosclerosis

Back 2

may form fatty tissue mass (plaque) in vessel that restricts blood flow

tx: balloon angioplasty

Front 3

coronary artery disease

Back 3

produces reduced blood flo, blod clot,

tx: stent

Front 4

total peripheral resistance

Back 4

resistance of entire cardiovascular system,

must be overcome by sufficient pressure from the heart

depends on:

vascular resistance

viscosity

turbulence

Front 5

vascular resistance

Back 5

results from friction between blood and vessel walls

factors:

Length (directly related)

diameter (inversely related )

Front 6

lymphatic system functions

Back 6

drains excess interstitial fluid

transports dietary lipid

carry out immune responses (defend disease)

Front 7

Innate or nonspecific immunity

Back 7

no specific recognition of invaders nomemory component

Front 8

adaptive or specific immunity

Back 8

specific recognition of invaders with a memory component

Front 9

lymphatic capillaries

Back 9

slightly large diameter than blood capillaries

one-way structure

interstitial fluid flow in but not out

Front 10

lacteals

Back 10

specialized lymphatic capillaries

carry lipids from the diet into lymphatic vessels, lymph draining from the small intestine has lipids looks creamy white (chyle lymph with lipids)

Front 11

superficial lymphatics

Back 11

subcutaneous layer deep to skin

Front 12

deep lymphatics

Back 12

accommodate deep arteries and veins supplying skeletal muscles and other torso organs

Front 13

right lymphatic duct

Back 13

drains lymph from right arm, right upper torso, right head and neck

Front 14

thoracic duct

Back 14

drains lymph from rest of body

Front 15

lymphedema

Back 15

blockage of lymphatic drainage

interstitial fluids accumulate and affected area swells

seen in limbs

Front 16

primary lymphatic organs

Back 16

sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent

red bone marrow and thymus

Front 17

secondary lymphatic organs

Back 17

sites where most immune response occurs

Front 18

tonsilitis

Back 18

inflammation of tonsils

Front 19

palatine/ lingual

Back 19

paired

Front 20

pharyngeal

Back 20

adenoid single tonsil

Front 21

thymus

Back 21

outer cortex medulla

shrinks with age 70g in infants 3g old age

Front 22

capsule

Back 22

surrounds lymph node

Front 23

trabeculae

Back 23

eextend into the lymph node

Front 24

reticular fibers

Back 24

help form the supporting framework of lymp node

Front 25

metastasis

Back 25

spread

Front 26

breast cancer

Back 26

axillary lymph nodes

Front 27

cancerous lymph nodes

Back 27

enlarged firm nontender

Front 28

infectious lymph node

Back 28

soft moveable tender

Front 29

spleen

Back 29

largest mass of lymphatic tissue

white and red pulp

Front 30

white pulp

Back 30

lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes and marcophages)

Front 31

red pulp

Back 31

removes dead or worn out RBC

storage of platelets

production of RBC during fetal life

Front 32

lymphocytes

Back 32

3 classes circulate in blood

T-cell cell mediated immunity

B cell- antibody immunity

NK cells

Front 33

Lymphopoiesis

Back 33

lymphocyte production

occurs in red bone marrow

Front 34

Epidermis

Back 34

outer layer of skin, keratinized cells

prevent pathogens from coming in

Front 35

mucous membranes

Back 35

line body cavities

physical and chemical barrier

Front 36

nose hairs

Back 36

trap and filter

cilia upper respiratory track

cough up- lower respiratory track

Front 37

Lysozyme

Back 37

breaks down bacterial cells walls, present in saliva, perspiration, nasal secretions and tissue fluid

Front 38

sebaceous glands

Back 38

secrete sebum, stop bacteria from growing on skin

Front 39

kupffer cells

Back 39

liver, fixed macrophages

Front 40

alveolar macrophages

Back 40

lungs

Front 41

inflammation

Back 41

vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels

increased permeability

histamine, protaglandins (enhance histaime)

Front 42

Emigration of Phagocytes

Back 42

neutrophils predominate in early stages but die off quickly

monocytes transform into macrophages

more potent than neutrophils

Front 43

pus

Back 43

pocket of dead phagocytes and damages tissue

Front 44

antigens

Back 44

substances reconized as foreign and provoking an immune response

Front 45

immunocompetence

Back 45

ability to carry out adaptive immune response

learn vs innate

specificity

memory

Front 46

antibody actions

Back 46

neutralizing antigen

immobilizing bacteria

agglutinating and precipitating antigen

enhancing phagocytosis

Front 47

acquitted immune deficiency syndrome

Back 47

virus kills tcells

Front 48

nasal conchae

Back 48

subdivide nasal cavity

increase surface area and prevent dehydration

Front 49

pharynx

Back 49

passageway for air and food

resonating chamber

house tonsils

3 regions

nasopharynx-superior

oropharynx

larngopharynx- inferior

Front 50

larnx

Back 50

thyroid cartilage or adams apple

antigens make male voice deeper

epiglottis chewing food

Front 51

phonation

Back 51

produce sounds

Front 52

enunciate

Back 52

produce words

Front 53

androgens

Back 53

make folds thicker and longer

Front 54

trachea

Back 54

extends from larynx

divides let and right bronchi

c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Front 55

bronchi

Back 55

right and left primary bronchus

divide fto from bronchial tree- alveoli (gas ex)

Front 56

epi pen

Back 56

epineherine

reaction opens bronchial tree

Front 57

cardiac notch

Back 57

heart makes left lung 10% smaller than right

Front 58

lobes

Back 58

each lung is divided by 1 or 2 fissures

oblique - both

horizontal - right lung

Front 59

respritory distress disease

Back 59

infants aveoli collapse

Front 60

lung compliance

Back 60

want high- lungs expand easy

low compliance- resist expansion

Front 61

atmosphere

Back 61

nitrogen 78%

oxygen 20%

co2 .04%

water vapor .4%

Front 62

rate of pulmonary system gas exchange

Back 62

depends on: partial pressure of gases

surgace area available for gas ex

diffusion distance (want small)

Front 63

digestion

Back 63

peristalisis waves of muscle contraction that propel blous through digestive tract

Front 64

mumps

Back 64

virus infection of salivary glands

vaccine at 15 months old

Front 65

esophagitis

Back 65

inflammation from stomach acids, GERD, spinchter fails to close after food enters stomach

Front 66

hepatitis

Back 66

liver inflammation

Front 67

Helicobacter pylori

Back 67

bacterium often the cause of ulcers

TX cimetidine, Tagamet and antibiotics

Front 68

accessory digestive organs

Back 68

liver

gallbladder

pancrease

Front 69

salivary glands

Back 69

parotid

submandibular

sublingual

Front 70

frenulum

Back 70

toung tied

Front 71

salivia

Back 71

mostly water

.5% immunoglobulin a, lysozyme and salivary amylase (act on starch)

Front 72

lingual glands

Back 72

secrete salivary lipase

break down lipids

Front 73

Teeth

Back 73

2 sets- deciduous and permanent teeth

enamel dentin

incisors, cuspids (canine) premolars (bicuspids) molars

Front 74

adult teeth

Back 74

32 teeth

6 year molars

12 year molars

wisdom teeth

mechanical digestion

Front 75

lingual lipase

Back 75

secreted by lingual gland of tongue

act on triglycerides

(not until activated by gastric juices in stomach)

Front 76

esophageal hiatus

Back 76

opening in diaphram

Front 77

hiatus hernia

Back 77

opening in stomach pushing through

Front 78

stomach regions

Back 78

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

Front 79

Rugae

Back 79

folds in stomach

Front 80

pyloric sphincter

Back 80

valve small intestine

Front 81

pyloric stenosis

Back 81

narrow area of stomach

Front 82

gastric juices from stomach

Back 82

hydrochloric acid

pepsin (break down protiens, protein dg starts in stomach)

gastric lipase

mucous

Front 83

chyme

Back 83

mechanical digestion mixing waves peristaltic movements create

Front 84

pancreatic amylase

Back 84

breaks down starch

Front 85

proteolytic enzymes

Back 85

trypsin chymotrypsin break down protiens

Front 86

pancreatic lipase

Back 86

break down triglycerides

ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease

Front 87

liver

Back 87

produces bile sends to gallbladder

composed of hepatocytes- functional cell secretes bile

Front 88

hepatic sinusoids

Back 88

highly permeale blood capillaries

kupfer cells

Front 89

falciform ligament

Back 89

divides liver into right and left lobes

Front 90

gallbladder

Back 90

sends bile into cystic duct (waits for small intestine)

stores bile

Front 91

cystic duct

Back 91

joins common hepatic duct to form common bile duct which enters the small intestine

Front 92

bile salts

Back 92

role in emulsification

break down fat

aids in absorption of lipids

Front 93

villi

Back 93

finger like pjections

increase absorption

Front 94

small intestine

Back 94

most water absorbed

most nutrients absorbed

Front 95

large intestine

Back 95

cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal

Front 96

ileocecal sphincter

Back 96

between small and large intestine

Front 97

colon

Back 97

divided into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

Front 98

cephalic phase

Back 98

salivating @ food

smell, sight thought or initial taste of foods

prepare mouth and stomach to eat

Front 99

Urinary system

Back 99

regulation of:

blood ionic composition, ph, volume, pressure, glucose level

production of :

Hormones

excrete waste

Front 100

kidneys

Back 100

bean shaped

retroperitoneal back part of abdominal cavity

right is lower than left bc of liver

Front 101

renal hilum

Back 101

indentation where ureter emerges along with blood vessels, lymphatic vesels and nerves

Front 102

renal capsule

Back 102

covers the outer surface

Front 103

perinephric capsule

Back 103

holds kidney in place surrounds the renal capsure

Front 104

renal fascia

Back 104

superficial layer anchors the kidney to surrounding structures and abdominal wall

Front 105

nephroptosis

Back 105

floating kidney, urne backs up

aneroxia

Front 106

nephron

Back 106

microscopic functional unis of kidney