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261 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the three functional categories of joints. |
1.Synarthroses 2. Amphiarthroses 3. Diarthroses |
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What is the name of the functional joint that is immovable? |
Synarthroses |
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What is the name of the functional joint that is slightly moveable? |
amphiarthroses |
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What is the name of the functional joint that is freely movable? |
Diarthroses |
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Name the three structural categories of joints |
1. Fibrous Joints2. Cartilaginous Joints3. Synovial Joints |
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Which of the structural joint types is generally considered immovable |
Fibrous Joint |
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Which of the structural joint types is generally considered freely movable? |
Synovial Joints |
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Which of the structural joint types is considered both rigid and slightly movable? |
Cartilaginous |
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Describe what makes a fibrous joint unique (tissue type/cavity/ movement ability) |
- Joined by connective tissue- No joint cavity- amount of movement depends on connective tissue length |
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What are three types of Fibrous Joints?
|
sutures syndesmoses gomphoses |
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What Joint type is found in the skull? |
Sutures |
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Describe the characteristics of the fibrous joint, Sutures? |
- wavy articulating bone edges interlock and the junction is completely filled by a minimal amount of very short connective tissue- the fibrous tissue ossifies and the skull bones fuse into a single unit as a protective adaptation to protect the brain from damage. |
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Describe the characteristics of the fibrous joint, Syndesmoses? |
-the bones are connected by a ligament- the amount of movement depends on the length of the connective tissue |
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Describe the characteristic of the fibrous joint, Gomphoses? |
- A peg-in-socket- The fibrous connection is the short periodontal ligament- tooth in its bony alveolar socket |
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Describe the cartilaginous joints? |
The articulating bones are united by cartilage.They lack a joint cavity |
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What are the two types of Cartilaginous joints?
|
Synchondroses Symphyses |
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Describe a synchondroses Joint and give an example |
a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones at a synchondrosis.epiphyseal plates connecting the diaphysis and epiphysis regions in long bones of children. |
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Describe a symphyses joint and give an example |
the articular surfaces of the bones are coved with articular (hyaline) cartilage which in turn is fused to intervening pad or plate or fibrocartilageit acts as a shock absorber and permits a limited amount of movement at the joitEx: intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis |
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What is a synovial Joint |
those in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid -containing joint cavity.Allows for freedom of movement . |
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What are the five distinguishing features of a Synovial Joint |
1. Articular Cartilage2. Joint (synovial ) Cavity3. Articular Capsule4. Synovial Fluid5. Reinforcing Ligaments |
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The ischium articulates with both _____ and ______. |
Ilium and pubis |
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In anatomical position the lateral forearm bone is the _____ |
Radius |
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The most frequently fractured part of the humerus is ________ |
Surgical neck |
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Colles fracture is a break in the distal end of the _____ |
Radius |
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The cranial Vault of the skull is also called the ______ |
Calvaria |
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The vomer forms part of the |
Nasal septum |
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Vertebronchondral ribs refers to ribs that attach to each other before they attach to the ______. |
Sternum |
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The foramen magnum goes through the ________ bone. |
Occipital |
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Ribs 11 and 12 are called ______ ribs. |
Floating ribs because they are missing an anterior attachment |
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How many cervical vertebrae are there |
7 |
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How many thoracic vertebrae |
12 |
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How many lumbar vertebrae are there |
5 |
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The master gland of the body, the pituitary gland, is housed where? |
Enclosed in the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone |
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The tubercle of a rib articulates with what |
Transverse process of a vertebra |
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The dens projects from |
The axis |
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The _____ bone contains openings that allow the tear ducts to pass |
Lacrimal bones |
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Lordosis effects the _____ vertebrae |
Lumbar |
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The largest and strongest bone of the face is the |
Mandible |
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A temporal bone protrusion riddled with sinuses is the |
Mastoid process |
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Coastal cartilage joins ribs to the ____. |
Sternum |
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What do all vertebrae possess |
A body , transverse process and vertebral foramen |
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Each intervertebral disc possesses what |
A nucleus pulposus and an annulus fibrosus |
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These very small bones are at the medial border of each eye |
Lacrimal bones |
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Bone houses the apparatus of the inner and middle ear |
Temporal bone |
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Failure of these anterior bones to fuse causes a condition known as a cleft palate |
Maxilla |
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This bone is wing shaped and extends behind the eyes and forms part of the floor of the cranial vault |
Sphenoid bone |
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Temporal and parietal bone shape |
Squamosal |
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Occipital and parietal shape |
lambdoid |
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Parietal and frontal shape |
Coronal |
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Right and left parietal bone shape |
Sagittal |
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These bones have articular facets for the ribs |
Thoracic vertebrae |
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Allows the head To nod yes |
Atlas |
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Fused rudimentary tailbone |
Coccyx |
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Thickest centrum with short blunt spinous processes |
Lumbar vertebrae |
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A circle of bone that articulates superiorly with the occipital condyles |
Atlas |
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Forearm bone articulates with most of the carpals |
Radius |
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This bone articulates with the glenoid fossa |
Humerus |
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The fingers have three of these bones and the thumb has only two |
Phalanges |
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Only the ____ vertebrae have transverse foramen |
Cervical vertebrae |
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The medial condyle of the femur articulates with the medial condyle of the _____ |
Tibia |
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Your cheek is composed of the ____ bone |
Zygomatic |
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The lateral condyle of the femur articulates with the lateral condyle of the |
Tibia |
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The large muscle on the anterior aspect of the scapula is the |
Subscapular fossa |
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The ____ is the primary bone in the septum of the nose |
Vomer |
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The heel bone |
Calcaneus |
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The styloid process of the ___ points to the thumb |
Radius |
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The largest foramen in the body is the |
Obturator foramen |
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The smallest short bone in the hand is the |
Pisiform |
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Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as the ____ joint |
Shoulder |
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A _____ joint will exhibit several movements |
Ball and socket |
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The major role of ligaments at synovial joints is to help.... |
Direct movement and prevent undesirable movement |
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Flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called |
Dorsiflexion |
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A uniaxial movement is usually seen at a joint such as a |
Hinge joint |
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The amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for |
the functional classification of joints |
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A person who has been diagnosed with a sprained ankle has an injury that is often accompanied by what |
Dislocations |
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True or false: if the body is to move movement must occur at the joints |
True |
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The gripping of the trochlea by the trochlear notch constitutes the hinge for |
the elbow joint |
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The structural classification of joints is based on what |
The composition of the binding material and the presence or absence of a joint cavity |
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In rheumatoid arthritis does the patient suffer from a loss of synovial fluids or an accumulation of synovial fluids |
Accumulation of synovial fluids |
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Chondromalacia patellae is the softening of the articular cartilage on the |
Posterior patellar surface |
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____ joints permit movement only in one plane |
Hinge Joint |
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Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits ____. |
Flexion |
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Moving the arm in a full circle is an example of |
Circumduction |
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The wrist joint can exhibit____ movement |
Adduction |
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Cruciate ligaments are important ligaments that help stabilize |
The knee |
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Synovial fluid contains ____ cells that protect the cavity from Invasion by microbes or other degrees |
Phagocytic |
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Synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from |
Blood |
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The only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae is |
Rotation |
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A movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned from posterior to anterior is |
Supination |
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Connective tissue Sacs lined with synovial membranes that act of cushions in place where friction develops are called what |
Bursae |
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The cruciate ligaments of the knee do what? |
Prevent hyperextension of the knee |
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Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped? |
The patellar ligament |
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Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to... |
Provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints |
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Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include |
Lateral and medial collateral ligament preventing lateral or medial angular movements |
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Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended me which of the ligaments is / are damaged as a result |
Medial collateral medial meniscus and anterior cruciate |
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Act as friction-reducing structures |
Tendon sheaths |
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The ____ ligament holds the radius to the ulna at the proximal end |
Annular |
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Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints, it contains what type of acid |
Hyaluronic acid |
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The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called |
Cruciate ligaments |
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Menisci refers to |
Semilunar cartilage pads |
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Multiaxial joints of the body include |
Hip and shoulder |
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Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Name the bones of the hand that articulate to form a saddle joint |
The trapezium of the carpal bone and the thumbs metacarpal |
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Joint type that affords multiaxial movement |
Ball and socket |
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On the basis of structural classification, which joint is fibrous connective tissue? |
Syndemosis |
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Define synchondroses |
Cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of Bones |
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Fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a |
Gomphosis |
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Gliding motion of the wrist is accomplished because of the ____ joint |
Plane joint |
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Joint that permits essentially no movement |
Synarthrotic |
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What are fibrous joints classified as |
Sutures, Syndesmoses, gomphoses |
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An example of interosseous fibrous joint is |
The radius and ulna along its length |
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An immovable joint found only between skull bones is called |
Suture |
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The annular ligament surrounds the head of what bone |
Radius |
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In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with |
Hyaline cartilage |
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A joint United by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that permits a slight degree of movement is |
Symphysis |
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presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint |
Hinge joint |
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____ are cartilaginous joints |
Synchondroses |
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Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are |
Amphiarthroses |
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Joints that are freely movable |
Synovial |
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6 major categories of synovial joints |
Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball and socket |
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When a ballerina points the toes it is known as |
Plantar flexion |
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An increase or decrease between the angle of two bones is known as what type of movement |
Angular movements |
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What type of movement occurs at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints |
Gliding movement |
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Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of |
Hyperextension |
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The term inversion and eversion pertains only to |
The feet |
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The only movement allowed in a pivot joint is |
Uniaxial rotation |
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When one is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane it is called |
Abduction |
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If a patient was suffering from bursitis this condition would be designated as inflammation of ____ |
Small sac containing fluid |
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Which of the following conditions is generally considered a non-inflammatory type of arthritis |
Osteoarthritis |
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Gouty arthritis is a painful condition caused by |
Excessive blood levels of uric acid deposited as crystals in the soft tissue of joints |
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Compared to the shoulder displacements of the hip joints are |
Rare because of the ligament reinforcement |
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Turning the foot medially at the ankle |
Inversion |
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Synchondrosis joint |
Cartilaginous |
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The Joint involved in turning the sole of foot medially |
Plane |
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The movement performed in turning the sole of the foot medially |
Inversion |
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The Joint involved in bending the elbow |
Hinge |
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The movement performed in turning the head side to side |
Rotation |
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The Joint between the carpal and the first metacarpal |
Saddle |
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Joint involved in lowering your arm to your side |
Ball and socket |
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Moving your jaw forward causing an underbite |
Protraction |
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A freely movable joint |
Diarthrosis |
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The hip joint |
Ball and socket |
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Joint involved in turning the head side to side |
Pivot |
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The movement performed in lowering your arm to your side |
Adduction |
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A fluid-filled cavity a tendon slides over |
Bursa |
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The movement performed in bending the elbow |
Flexion |
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Partial dislocation of a joint |
Subluxation |
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claudication might more simply be called |
Limping |
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In the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular Junction, ____ is always present |
Acetylcholinesterase |
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The end of the muscle that moves when a muscle contracts is called the |
Insertion |
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Only ____ muscle cells are multinucleated |
Skeletal |
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The time in which cross bridges are active is called the period Of |
Contraction |
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Only _____ muscle cells branch |
Cardiac |
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____ (color) fibers are slow (oxidative) fibers |
Red |
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A smooth sustained contraction is called |
Tetanus |
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True or false ; although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments |
True |
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Important function of skeletal muscle is the production of ____. |
Heat |
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Not all muscle contractions will always promote the movement of body parts. What else is muscle contraction used for |
Maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, and generating Heat |
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What is a motor unit |
a nerve cell and all the muscle cells that it stimulates |
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Isometric contraction |
The muscle neither shortens nor lengthens |
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When a motor neuron fires what happens to all of the muscle fibers |
They contract |
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The more ____ a skeletal muscle is stimulated the greater its exerted Force |
Rapidly |
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The Gap Junctions between smooth muscle cells are _____ coupled. |
Electrically |
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Skeletal muscle cells are _______ coupled. |
Chemically |
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What is the function of G actin |
Bearing the active site to which the myosin heads attach during contraction |
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Peristalsis is a characteristic of what type of muscle |
Smooth muscle |
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Where is single-unit smooth muscle found |
Found in the intestines |
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caused by a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside and outside of the cell |
Resting potential |
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Oxygen required to restore oxygen used by all of the processes involved in contraction |
Oxygen debt |
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The effect of the neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to |
Modify its permeability properties temporarily |
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A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but it's tension increases |
Isometric |
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The I band diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length |
When muscle fiber contracts |
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Slow oxidative fatigue resistant fibers |
Red fibers |
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Abundant in muscles used to maintain posture |
Slow fatigue resistant fibers |
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Have very fast-acting myosin ATPases and depend upon anaerobic metabolism during contraction |
Fast oxidative or glycolytic fatigable fibers |
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A high percentage of these fibers are found in marathon runners |
Slow oxidative fatigue resistant fibers |
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Depends on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms |
Slow oxidative fatigue resistant fibers |
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Contains abundant amounts of glycogen |
Fast oxidative or glycolytic fatigable fibers |
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The thicker filaments are the ____ filaments |
Myosin |
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Both actin and myosin are found in the |
A band |
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The myosin filaments are located in the |
A Band |
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The ____ contains only the actin filaments |
I band |
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The phenomenon in which the contraction of a muscle increases due to increased enzyme efficiency during the warm-up |
Treppe |
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The stimulus above which no stronger contraction can be elicited because all motor units are firing in the muscle |
Maximal stimulus |
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The situation in which contractions become stronger due to a rapid stimulation rate. partial relaxation occurs between contractions |
Wave summation |
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Continue to sustain smooth contraction due to Rapid stimulation |
Tetanus |
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Used to convert ADP to ATP by transfer of a high-energy phosphate group. A reserve high-energy compound |
Creatine phosphate |
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Serves as the actual trigger for muscle contraction by removing the inhibition of the troponin molecules |
Calcium ions |
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Destroys ACh |
Acetylcholinesterase |
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A metabolic pathway that provides for a large amount of ATP per glucose because oxygen is used. Products are water and carbon dioxide and ATP. |
Aerobic respiration |
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A neurotransmitter substance released at motor end plates by the axonal endings |
Acetylcholine |
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Normally stored in the terminal cisternae |
Calcium ions |
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Why does rigor mortis occur |
ATP is required to release the attached actin and myosin molecules |
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Athletes sometimes complain of oxygen debt, the condition that results when insufficient oxygen is available to completely break down pyruvic acid. As a result the pyruvic is converted to _______. |
Lactic acid |
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Fatigue muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of |
Intense exercise of short duration |
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Muscle fibers degenerate and atrophy |
Muscular dystrophy |
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The main effect of the warmup period of athletes as the muscle contractions increase in strength is to; |
Enhance the availability of calcium and the efficiency of enzyme systems |
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Theoretically if a muscle were stretched to the point where thick and thin filaments no longer overlapped.... |
No muscle tension could be generated |
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The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring your muscles to Peak Performance is called |
Treppe |
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A State of sustained partial contraction in muscles |
Muscle tone |
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What is the most common functional classification of synovial joints |
Diarthrosis |
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What describes an amphiarthroses joint? |
It is slightly movable |
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This joint is extremely stable |
Hip joint |
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What is meniscus |
Fibrocartilage that prevents the knee from rotating while extended. |
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What joint is described as sacrificing stability for free movement? |
Shoulder joint |
|
What is a sprain |
Torn or stretched ligaments |
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What is the function of articular cartilage? |
To keep bone ends from crushing when compressed |
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What describes a turning movement around the longitudinal bone axis |
Rotation |
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What joint is at risk when people grind their teeth |
Temporomandibular |
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What type of joint is exhibited by the knuckles? |
Condyloid |
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What describes the articulation of the patella? |
The patella articulates directly with the femur only. |
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What two bones articulate in a joint allowing supination and pronation? |
Ulna and radius |
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What is the classification of the intervertebral joints? |
Symphyses |
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What describes movement along the sagittal plane that decreases the angle between bones? |
Flexion |
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What is it called when a muscle cannot contract even though it is being stimulated? |
Fatigue |
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What structure is responsible for the contractile characteristic of muscle fibers? |
Myofibrils |
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The ability of a muscle to stretch without being damaged |
Extensibility |
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What is composed of myosin protein |
Thick filaments |
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What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction? |
To expose the myosin binding site on the actin |
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What event stimulates a skeletal muscle to contract? |
When acetylcholine binds to the receptor site on the sarcolemma |
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What step of the generation of the action potential happens first? |
The sodium ion Channel opens |
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What is perimysium |
Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle |
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Which of the following steps occurs right before the myosin head attaches to the actin during the sliding filaments filaments |
The tropomyosin molecule is moved away from the binding site. |
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What describes the role of the T tubules? |
They conduct impulses to the deepest regions of the muscle cell and every sarcomere. |
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Which of the following bands decreases in size or disappears when a muscle contracts? |
I band |
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Where is an abundance of fast glycolytic fibers found? |
In the muscles that move quickly and intensely |
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What describes muscular dystrophy? |
An inherited disease in which muscle mass is decreased |
|
explain how myofibers shorten? |
Thin filaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere |
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What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
It is the site of calcium storage in myofibers |
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Which muscle tissue responds to involuntary nervous system control? |
Both smooth and cardiac muscle |
|
Where is smooth muscle tissue found |
In the walls of blood vessels |
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What occurs within a muscle cell during oxygen debt |
Lactic acid is accumulated |
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Describe isotonic contraction |
A contraction in which the muscle shortens |
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Describe the sarcolemma |
It is the plasma membrane of a myofiber |
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What happens to excess lactic acid that accumulates after vigorous exercise |
It is converted to pyruvic acid by the liver |
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The _____ the functions mainly in compression of the abdominal contents |
Transversus abdominis |
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The ____ muscle abducts the ulna during forearm pronation and is a synergist of triceps brachii in elbow extension. |
Anconeus |
|
The ____ muscle Works towards plantar flexion |
Tibialis posterior |
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In order to propel food down to the esophagus, the ___________ muscles would be used. |
Pharyngeal constrictor |
|
A pair of tweezers is an example of a ____ class lever |
3rd |
|
The ____ is a synergist of the gastrocnemius used in plantar flexion |
Soleus |
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Severing of the patellar tendon would inactivate the _____ group. |
quadriceps |
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Muscles that maintain posture are called |
Fixators |
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What is the largest strongest tendon in the body |
Achilles tendon |
|
The broadest muscle of the back is the |
Latissimus dorsi |
|
The insertion of the biceps brachii is on the |
Radius |
|
Slow-acting finger flexor |
Flexor digitorum profundus |
|
Extensor pollicis longus and brevis |
Extends the thumb |
|
Flexor carpi ulnaris |
Flexes the wrist |
|
Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis |
Extend and abduct the wrist |
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This muscle is a powerful forearm extensor |
Triceps brachii |
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This is known as the boxer muscle |
Serratus anterior |
|
This muscle runs deep to the external oblique |
Internal oblique |
|
This muscle helps keep food between the grinding surfaces of the teeth during chewing |
Buccinator |
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Is muscle draws the corner of the mouth downward as in expressing horror |
Platysma |
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Is the main chewing muscle |
Masseter |
|
The pectoralis major has a ____ arrangement of fascicles |
Convergent |
|
Is the abnormal protrusion of the small intestine through a weak point in the muscle of the abdominal wall |
Hernia |
|
Fibers run at right angles to the axis of the muscle |
Transversus |
|
The quadriceps femoris is composed of three vastus muscles and the |
Rectus femoris |
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Is a synergist of the latissimus dorsi it extends medially rotates and adducts the humerus |
Teres major |
|
This muscle extends the great toe |
Extensor hallucis longus |