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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anatomy
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the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
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physiology
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the study of the function of the body's structural machinery
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gross or macroscopic anatomy
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study of large body structures visable to the naked eye
ex. heart, lungs, kidneys |
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microscopic anatomy
*cytology *histology |
structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
*cytology - cell of the body *histology - study of tissues |
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developmental anatomy
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structural changes throughout life & before birth
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regional anatomy
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all structures in one part of the body
ex. abdomen, leg |
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systemic anatomy
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gross antomy of the body studied by system
ex. cardiovascular system - heart & blood vessels of entire body |
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surface anatomy
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study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
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pathological anatomy
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study of structural changes caused by disease
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radiographic anatomy
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study of internal stuctures visualized by X ray
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molecular biology
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study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level
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principle of complementarity
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*function always reflects structure
*what a structure can do depends on its specific form |
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renal physiology
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kidney function
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neurophysiology
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workings of the nervous system
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cardiovascular physiology
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operation of the heart and blood vessels
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levels of structural organization
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1. chemical level - atoms combine to form molecules
2. cellular level - cells are made up of molecules 3. tissue level - tissues consist of similar types of cells 4. organ level - organs are made up of different types of tissues 5. organ system level - organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely 6. organismal level - the human organism is made up of many organ systems |
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anatomical position
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body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body
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superior (cranial)
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toward the head end (above)
ex. the head is superior to the abdomen |
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inferior (caudal)
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away from the head end (below)
ex. the navel is inferior to the chin |
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anterior (ventral)
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toward the front of the body
ex. the breastbone is anterior to the spine |
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posterior (dorsal)
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toward the back of the body
ex. the heart is posterior to the breastbone |
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medial
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toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of
ex. the heart is medial to the arm |
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lateral
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away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
ex. the arms are lateral to the chest |
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intermediate
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between a more medial and lateral structure
ex. the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder |
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proximal
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closer to the orgin of the body part (point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk)
ex. the elbow is proximal to the wrist |
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distal
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farther from the orgin of the body part (the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk)
ex. the knee is distal to the thigh |
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superficial (external)
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toward the body surface
ex. the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles |
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deep (internal)
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away from the body surface
ex. the lungs are deep to the skin |
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*sagittal plane
*midsagittal or medial |
*divides the body into right and left parts
*sagittal plane that lies on the midline |
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frontal (coronal) plane
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divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
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transverse or horizontal (cross section) plane
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divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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oblique section
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cuts made diagonally
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dorsal cavity
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*protects the nervous system
*2 subdivisions -cranial cavity = in the skull, encases the brain -vertebral cavity = or spinal cavity, runs w/n vertebral column, encloses spinal cord |
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ventral body cavity
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*2 subdivisions
-thoracic cavity = surrounded by ribs and muscles of chest (diaphragm b/w) - abdominopelvic cavity = consists of abdominal ( stomach, intestines, spleen, liver)and pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive organs, rectum) |