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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does coxa vara mean?
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-inward deviation of distal end
- decreased angle of inclination |
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What does coxa valga mean?
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-outward deviation of distal end
- increased angle of inclination |
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Gluteus maximus attachments
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-posterior ilium and sacrotuberous ligament
- gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract |
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Gluteus maximus innervation
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inferior gluteal n. (L5- S2)
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Gluteus maximus action
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extends thigh
assists in lateral rotation |
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Gluteus medius attachments
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- external surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
- lateral surface of greater trochanter |
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Gluteus medius innervation
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superior gluteal n. (L4-S1)
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Gluteus medius action
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abducts thigh
medially rotates thigh |
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Gluteus minimus attachment
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- external surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
- anterior surface of greater trochanter |
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Gluteus minimus innervation
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superior gluteal n. (L4-S1)
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Gluteus minimus action
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abducts thigh
medially rotates thigh |
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Tensor fasciae lata attachments
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- anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and anterior iliac crest
- iliotibial tract to tibia |
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Tensor fasciae lata innervation
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superior gluteal n. (L4-S1)
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Tensor fasciae lata action
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flexes thigh
abduct thigh medially rotates thigh |
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Piriformis attachments
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- anterior surface of lateral sacrum
- superior border to greater trochanter |
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Piriformis innervation
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branches of S1, S2
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Piriformis action
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laterally rotates extended thigh
abducts flexed thigh |
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Which muscle passes through the greater sciatic foramen?
Piriformis or Obturator internus |
Piriformis
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Which muscle passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?
Piriformis or Obturator internus |
Obturator internus
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Obturator internus attachments
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-pelvic surface of ilium and ischium, obturator membrane
-medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) |
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Obturator internus innervation
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N to obturator internus (L5-S1)
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Obturator internus action
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laterally rotate extended thigh
abduct flexed thigh |
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Gemellus superior and inferior attachments
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- superior: ischial spine; inferior: ischial tuberosity
- medial surface of greater trochanter |
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Gemellus superior innervation
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N to obturator internus
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Gemellus inferior innervation
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N to quadratus femoris (L5-S1)
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Gemellus superior and inferior actions
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laterally rotate extended thigh
abduct flexed thigh stabilize hip |
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Quadratus femoris attachments
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-lateral border of ischial tuberosity
- quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest |
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Quadratus femoris innervation
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N to quadratus femoris (L5-S1)
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Quadratus femoris action
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laterally rotates thigh
stabilize hip |
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What are the two divisions of the sciatic n.?
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- tibial division
- common fibular division |
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What are the 3 muscles that make up the hamstrings?
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-biceps femoris
- semimembranosus -semitendinosus |
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Biceps femoris attachments
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-long head: ischial tuberosity; short head: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
- lateral side of head of fibula |
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Biceps femoris innervation
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-long head: tibial division of sciatic n. (L5-S2) (CROSSES HIP & KNEE)
- short head: common fibular division of sciatic n. (L5-S2) (CROSSES KNEE) |
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Biceps femoris action
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extends thigh
flexes leg rotates leg laterally |
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Semimembranosus attachments
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- ischial tuberosity
- posterior part of medial condyle of tibia |
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Semimembranosus innervation
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tibial division of sciatic n. (L5-S2)
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Semimembranosus action
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extends thigh
flexes leg rotates leg medially if flexed |
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Semitendinosus attachments
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- ischial tuberosity
- medial surface of superior part of tibia |
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Semitendinosus innervation
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tibial division of sciatic n. (L5-S2)
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Semitendinosus action
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extends thigh
flexes leg rotates leg medially if flexed |
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Popliteal fossa boundaries
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-superolateral: biceps femoris
- superomedial: semimembranosus - inferolateral: lateral head of gastroc -inferomedial: medial head of gastroc - floor: popliteal surface of femur and popliteus m |
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Politeal fossa contents
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-small saphenous v draining into popliteal v
- popliteal a - tibial and common fibular nn. - posterior cutaneous n of the thigh |
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Pectineus attachments
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-superior ramus of pubis
- pectineal line of femur |
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Pectineus innervation
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femoral n. (L2-L3); deep fibers may receive obturator n.
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Pectineus action
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helps flex thigh
assists with adduction and medial rotation |
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Sartorius attachment
(longest muscle in body) |
- anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
- superior part of medial surface of tibia (CROSSES HIP AND KNEE) |
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Sartorius innervation
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femoral n. (L2-L3)
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Sartorius action
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flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint flexes leg at knee joint
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Iliopsoas is composed of what two muscles?
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-psoas major
- iliacus |
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Psoas major attachments
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- sides of T12-L5 vertebrae and discs; TPs
- lesser trochanter of femur |
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Psoas major innervation
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lumbar nn. (L1-L3)
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Psoas major action
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acts with iliacus m. and flexes thigh
postural m. active while standing |
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Iliacus attachments
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- iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, anterior sacroiliac ligaments
- tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter |
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Iliacus innervation
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femoral n. (L2-L3)
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Iliacus action
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acting with psoas major m. and flexing thigh
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Quadriceps femoris is made up of what 4 mm.?
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-Rectus femoris
- Vastus lateralis - vastus medialis - vastus intermedius |
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True or false: All of the muscle of the quads cross the hip and knee
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False: rectus femoris only one that crosses the hip
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Iliopsoas m. helps with what part of the gait cycle?
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initiate forward swing
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The quadriceps help with what part of the gait cycle?
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prepare the leg for and absorb shock at heel strike
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Rectus femoris attachments
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- anterior inferior iliac spine (ASIS), ilium superior to acetabulum
- common quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity |
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Rectus femoris innervation
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femoral n. (L2-L4)
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Rectus femoris action
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extends leg at knee joint
stabilizes hip joint help iliopsoas flex thigh |
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Vastus lateralis attachments
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- greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera
- common quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity |
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Vastus lateralis innervation
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femoral n. (L2-L4)
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Vastus lateralis action
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extends leg
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Vastus medialis attachments
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- intertrochanter line and medial lip of linea aspera
- common quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity |
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Vastus medialis innervation
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femoral n. (L2-L4)
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Vastus medialis action
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extends leg
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Vastus intermedialis attachments
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- anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur
- common quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity |
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Vastus intermedialis innervation
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femoral n. (L2-L4)
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Vastus intermedialis action
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extends leg
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Adductor longus attachments
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- body of pubis inferior to pubic crest
- middle 1/3 of linea aspera |
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Adductor longus innervation
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obturator n. (L2-L4)
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Adductor longus action
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adducts thigh
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Adductor brevis attachments
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- body and inferior ramus of pubic
- pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera |
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Adductor brevis innervation
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obturator n. (L2-L4)
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Adductor brevis action
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adducts thigh
flexes thigh |
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Adductor magnus attachments
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- adductor part: inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium; hamstring part: ischial tuberosity
- adductor part: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line; hamstring part: adductor tubercle |
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Adductor magnus innervation
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- adductor part: obturator n. (L2-L4)
- hamstring part: tibial part of the sciatic n. (L4) |
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Adductor magnus action
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- adducts thigh
- adductor part: flexes thigh - hamstring part: extends thigh |
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Gracilis attachments
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- body and inferior ramus of pubis
- superior part of medial surface of tibia (CROSES HIP AND KNEE) |
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Gracilis innervation
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obturator n. (L2-L3)
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Gracilis action
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adducts thigh
flexes leg helps medially rotate leg |
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Obturator externus attachments
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- margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane
- trochanteric fossa of femur |
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Obturator externus innervation
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obturator n. (L3-L4)
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Obturator externus action
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laterally rotates thigh
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Femoral triangle borders
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- superior: inguinal ligament
- lateral: sartorius m - medial: adductor longus m - floor: iliopsoas and pectineus mm |
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Femoral triangle contains
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- femoral n. and branches
- femoral sheath contains femoral a. and v. (VAN drives out- medial to lateral) |
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What are the muscles of Pes anserinus?
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Sartorius, Gracilis, semitendinosus
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Where is the pes anserinus located?
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superior part of medial surface of tibia
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Tibialis anterior attachments
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- lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane
- medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal |
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Tibialis anterior innervation
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deep fibular n. (L4-L5)
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Tibialis anterior action
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dorsiflexes ankle
inverts foot |
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Extensor hallucis longus attachments
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- middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
- dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe |
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Extensor hallucis longus innervation
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deep fibular n. (L5- S1)
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Extensor hallucis longus action
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extends great toe
dorsiflexes ankle eversion assists TA in inversion |
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Extensor digitorum longus attachments
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- lateral condyle of tibia and superior 3/4 of anterior surface of interosseous membrane; head and anterior border of fibula
- middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits |
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Extensor digitorum longus innervation
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deep fibular n. (L5- S1)
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Extensor digitorum longus action
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extends digits 2-5
dorsiflexes ankle eversion |
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Fibularis tertius attachments
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- inferior 1/3 of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
- dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal |
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Fibularis tertius innervation
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deep fibular n. (L5- S1)
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Fibularis tertius action
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dorsiflexes ankle
aids in eversion |
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Extensor digitorum brevis attachment
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- dorsal surface of calcaneus
- long flexor tendons of 4 medial digits |
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Extensor digitorum brevis innervation
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deep fibular n. (L5- S1)
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Extensor digitorum brevis action
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extends digits 2-4 at MP and IP joints
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Extensor hallucis brevis attachments
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- calcaneus
- dorsal aspect of base of proximl phalanx of great toe |
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Extensor hallucis brevis innervation
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deep fibular n. (L5- S1)
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Extensor hallucis brevis action
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extends digit 1 at MP joint
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Fibularis longus attachments
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- head and superior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
- base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform |
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Fibularis longus innervation
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superficial fibular n. (L5-S2)
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Fibularis longus action
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evert foot
weakly plantarflex ankle supports transverse arch of foot |
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What 9 mm. are attached to the fibula?
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- biceps femoris
- soleus - flexor hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus - extensor hallucis longus - tibialis posterior - fibularis tertius -fibularis brevis -fibularis longus |
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Fibularis brevis attachments
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- inferior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
- styloid process on base of 5th metatarsal |
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Fibularis brevis innervation
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superficial fibular n. (L5-S2)
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Fibularis brevis action
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evert foot
weak plantarflex ankle |
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True of False: the posterior cutaneous n. of the thigh has both a sensory and motor component?
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False: just a sensory component
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Triceps surae is composed of what mm.?
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Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris
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Gastrocnemius attachments
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- lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur; medial head: popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle
- posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon (CROSSES KNEE AND ANKLE) |
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Gastrocnemius innervation
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tibial n. (S1-S2)
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Gastrocnemius action
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plantarflexes ankle when knee extended
raises heel during walking flexes leg |
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Soleus attachments
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- posterior aspect of head of fibula, superior 1/4 of posterior surface of fibula, soleal line and medial border of tibia
- posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon |
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Soleus innervation
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tibial n. (S1-S2)
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Soleus action
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plantarflexes ankle
steadies leg on foot |
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Plantaris attachments
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- inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur
- posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon |
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Plantaris innervation
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tibial n. (S1-S2)
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Plantaris action
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weakly assists gastroc. in plantarflexing ankle
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Popliteus attachments
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-lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus
- posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line |
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Popliteus innervation
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tibial n. (L4-S1)
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Popliteus action
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weakly flexes knee
unlocks it by laterally rotating femur on fixed tibia or medially rotating tibia of unplanted limb |
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Flexor hallucis longus attachments
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- inferior 2/3 of posterior surface of fibula and inferior part of interosseous membrane
- base of distal phalanx of great toe |
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What makes up the saying Tom, Dick, ANd Harry?
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Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus Posterior tibial artery Tibial n. Flexor hallucis longus |
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Flexor hallucis longus innervation
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tibial n (S2-S3)
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Flexor hallucis longus action
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flexes great toe
weakly plantarflexes ankle supports medial longitudinal arch of foot |
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Flexor digitorum longus attachments
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- medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line and by a broad tendon to fibula
- bases of distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits |
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Flexor digitorum longus innervation
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tibial n. (S2-S3)
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Flexor digitorum longus action
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flexes lateral 4 digits
plantarflexes ankle supports longitudinal arches of foot |
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Tibialis posterior attachments
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- interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line, and posterior surface of fibula
- primarily to tuberosity of navicular |
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Tibialis posterior innervation
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tibial n. (L4-L5)
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Tibialis posterior action
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plantarflexes ankle
inverts foot supports medial longitudinal arch of foot |
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What is the collective function of anterior compartment of leg?
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dorsiflexion
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What is the collective function of lateral compartment of leg?
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plantarflexion
eversion |
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What is the collective function of deep posterior compartment of leg?
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plantarflexion
inversion |
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What is the collective function of superficial posterior compartment of leg?
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plantarflexion
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What are the 7 tarsal bones?
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Calcaneus, Talus, Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms 1-3
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Abductor hallucis attachments
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-calcaneal tuberosity
-base of proximal 1st phalanx |
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Abductor hallucis innervation
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medial plantar n.
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Abductor hallucis action
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abducts
flexes big toe |
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Flexor digitorum brevis attachments
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-calcaneal tuberosity
-middle phalanges of digits 2-5 |
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Flexor digitorum brevis innervation
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medial plantar n.
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Flexor digitorum brevis action
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flexes digits 2-5
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Abductor digiti minimi attachments
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-calcaneal tuberosity
-base of proximal 5th phalanx |
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Abductor digiti minimi innervation
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lateral plantar n.
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Abductor digiti minimi action
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abducts
flexes 5th digit |
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Quadratus plantae attachments
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-plantar surface of calcaneus
- tendon of flexor digitorum longus tendon |
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Quadratus plantae innervation
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lateral plantar n.
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Quadratus plantae action
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assists FDL with flexion of digits 2-5
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Lumbricals attachments
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-tendons of FDL
- expansion over digits 2-5 |
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Lumbricals innervation
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-1: medial plantar n.
- 2-4: lateral plantar nn. |
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Lumbricals action
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flex proximal phalanges
extend middle, distal phalanges of digits 2-5 |
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Flexor hallucis brevis attachments
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-cuboid and lateral cuneiform
- base of 1st proximal phalanx |
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Flexor hallucis brevis innervation
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medial plantar n
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Flexor hallucis brevis action
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flexes 1st digit
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Adductor hallucis attachments
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- oblique head: bases of MT 2-4; transverse head: MP joints of digits 2-5
- lateral side of base of 1st proximal phalanx |
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Adductor hallucis innervation
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deep branch of lateral n
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Adductor hallucis action
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adducts 1st digit
assists in maintaining transverse arch |
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Flexor digiti minimi brevis attachments
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- base of 5th MT
- base of 5th proximal phalanx |
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Flexor digiti minimi brevis innervation
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superficial branch of lateral n
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Flexor digiti minimi brevis action
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flexes 5th digit
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Plantar interossei attachments
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-medial side of MT 3-5
- bases of proximal phalanges |
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Plantar interossei innervation
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lateral plantar n
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Plantar interossei action
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adducts digits 3-5
flex MP joints |
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Dorsal interossei attachments
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- sides of MT 1-5
- proximal phalanges of digits 2-4 |
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Dorsal interossei innervation
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lateral plantar n
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Dorsal interossei action
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abduct digits 2-4
flex MP joints |
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What motor and sensory deficits would there be if the superficial fibular n. was damaged?
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- motor: lateral compartment of leg (fibularis longus and brevis)
-sensory: dorsum of foot |
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What motor and sensory deficits would there be if the deep fibular n. was damaged?
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- motor: anterior compartment of leg (tibialis anterior, EHL, EDL, fibularis tertius) and dorsum of foot (EDB, EHB)
-sensory: between 1st and 2nd digits only |
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What motor and sensory deficits would there be if the medial plantar n. was damaged?
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- motor: medial intrinsic foot mm (abductor hallucis, FDB, 1st lumbrical, FHB)
-sensory: medial aspect of sole of foot, digits 1-4 |
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What motor and sensory deficits would there be if the lateral plantar n. was damaged?
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- motor: lateral intrinsic foot mm (abductor digiti minimi, quadratus plantae, lumbricals 2-4, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis, interosseoi)
-sensory: lateral aspect of sole of foot |
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What happens if the tibial n is injured?
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- lose ability to plantarflex ankle, flex toes
- no sensation on sole of foot |
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What happens if the common fibular n is injured?
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- lose ability to dorsiflex ankle, evert foot
- no sensation on dorsum of foot |
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What is the most often injured n in LE?
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common fibular n because it winds around fibular neck
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