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199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What movement occurs at the thumb joint that does not occur at the little finger joints?
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They both do opposition, however the thumb joint does this more effectively by having rotation at the carpometacarpal (saddle) joint
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How many vertebrae are there in each region?
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cervical 7
thoracic 12 lumbar 5 sacral 5 (fused) coccygeal 4 |
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What extra movements do you get at the metacarpophalangeal that you do not get at the interphalangeal joints?
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abduction and adduction
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Name 6 types of movement at the shoulder joint.
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flexion, extension
abduction and adduction rotation and circumduction |
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Divide the muscles in the anterior of the forearm into 3 functional groups.
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movers of the wrist
movers of the fingers supination and pronation |
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What is the difference between circumduction and rotation?
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Circumduction is the combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction, while rotation is the movement along a single axis
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In pronation and supination which bone does the rotating?
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radius
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Does the biceps supinate best when flexed or extended?
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flexed
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What is the most important difference between flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus?
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the first one (superficialis) acts on the middle phalanx and the later acts on the distal phalanx
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How many muscles on the forearm are served by the ulnar nerve?
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one and a half. Flexor carpi ulnaris and half flexor digitorum profundus
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From which bit of bone do the majority of the forearm flexors arise?
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anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle of the humerus
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What are the attachements of the flexor retinaculum?
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tubercle of scaphoid
ridge of the trapezium pisiform hook of hamate |
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If coracobrachialis is the equivalent of the large adductors in the leg, why are they relatively so small?
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because adduction of the arm is mostly achieved by gravity
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What is the function of the flexor retinaculum?
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to prevent bowstringing of the flxor tendons
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What clinical condition is associated with the flexor retinaculum?
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carpal tunnel syndrome
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What arteries if any pass deep into the flexor retinaculum?
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No named vessels, but there must be tiny branches of nearby vessels supplying their tendons and their sheaths
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What is the nerve supply of biceps?
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Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, 6)
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Which muscle in the anterior arm acts on 2 joints?
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biceps brachii
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Is the interosseous membrane a joint? If so how would you classify it?
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it fulfils the criteria of a fibrous joint - 2 bones joined by fibrous tissue
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If you are putting a screw into the wall is it best to be left or right handed?
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right handed as this allows you to use the biceps for supinating
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What lies in the intertubercular groove of the humerus?
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tendon of the long head of the biceps
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What is there about the origin of the long head of the triceps that makes it different from the other 2 heads?
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It arises from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula whilst the medial and lateral heads arise from the humerus
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Is the common extensor origin on the anterior or posterior surface of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?
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anterior
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Divide the muscles of in the posterior forearm into 3 functional groups.
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acting on the wrist, fingers and thumb
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Which fingers (not thumb) have their own extensor tendons separate from extensor digitorum?
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index and little finger
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Considering that there are separate tendons to the two interphalangeal joints in the flexor compartment , why do you think there is only a single extensor expansion for each finger on the back of the hand?
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there is no need for the distal and middle phalanges to extend separately. The main purpose of extension of the fingers is to get them ready for the more demanding action of flexion
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Is the above statement also true of the thumb?
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no, the long abductor and the 2 extensors of the thumb are inserted sequentially into the metacarpal and the 2 phalanges so that all the joints can be controlled separately
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State the symmetry of insertions between
1) flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris 2) flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis |
1) base of the 5th metacarpal for each although the flexor is via the pisiform and pisometacarpal ligament
2) base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals. The extensors separately and the flexor as a single split tendon |
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Damage to the radial nerve gives wrist drop. What is the greatest disability that this gives the patient?
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Inability to grip as this the flexors tendons are effectively too long in this position
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Why do you think that there are 2 extensor carpi radialis (i.e.longus and brevis)?
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Extension of the wrist with radial deviation is the main anti- gravity action (e.g. hammering) and needs maximum power
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Why is the brachioradialis known as the "beer drinkers" muscle?
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It returns the forearm to the mid prone/supine position
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Name the 8 bones of the carpus. Which ones articulate with the lower end of the radius?
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Scaphoid, lunate, capitate, tripezium, trapezoid, triquetral, pisiform, hamate,
Articulating with the radius are the scaphoid, lunate and in extreme adduction, the triquetral |
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Name the tendons that make up the snuff box.
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Anterior: extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus
Posterior: Extensor pollicis longus |
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What 2 structures can you feel in the snuff box?
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scaphoid and radial artery
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Name the 4 muscles that are supplied by the radial nerve itself
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triceps
anconeus brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus |
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Does the median nerve supply skin? If so which parts?
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lateral palmar skin, including the thenar eminence, and palmar digit skin including dorsal nail beds of lateral 3 and half digits
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Which ligament attaches the arm to the trunk?
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costoclavicular
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Which ligament attaches the arm to the opposite arm?
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interclavicular
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Is teres major one of the rotator cuff muscles? What is its action?
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No
Adduction and medial rotation of shoulder |
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Why can't the deltiod initiate abduction of the shoulder?
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Because its anterior & posterior fibres are below the line of axis of the shoulder when arm is at rest. It is only when the supraspinatus has initiated abduction to 20 degrees or so that these fibres have enough mechanical advantage to help the central fibres of the muscle to abduct
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Are the bones of the shoulder joint lined with hyaline or fibrocartilage?
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hyaline
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Apart from the rotator cuff muscles, what other factors give the shoulder stability?
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- the gleno labrum deepens at the fossa, there is some suction effect within the intact joint
- the long head of the triceps give a little support inferiorly -the coracohumeral and coraco- acromial ligaments give support superiorly |
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how may the long thoracic nerve be damaged clinically? What might patients complain about?
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Surgery in the axilla
Loss of serratus anterior leads to difficulty in brushing the back of the hair |
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Where is the annular ligament attached? Why does the head of the radius in children sometime slip out of it?
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Attached to the ulan at the margins of the radial notch
2) the head of the radius is smaller in children and slip out of the ligament more easily |
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What is the nerve supply of the trapezius? What other muscle does the same nerve supply?
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1) spinal root of accesory nerve C1-5
2) Sternocleidomastoid |
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What lies between the lunate and the lower ulna?
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A triangular fibrocartilaginous disc
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Abduction at the wrist has greater or lesser movement than adduction?
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Adduction 60 degrees
Abduction 15 degrees |
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Name 2 facts about the scaphoid that are clinically important.
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- easy to fracture when falling on outstretched hands especially in younger people
- the fracture may not show on x ray immediately - the bone is liable to avascular necrosis |
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What is the relationship of the tendon of the long of biceps to the synovium of the shoulder joint?
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it is outside the synovium but inside the capsule
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In a fractured neck of the humerus, how would you check if the axillary nerve has been damaged?
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by testing for sensation over the area supplied by the upper lateral cutaneous nerce of the of arm, a branch of the axillary nerve , over the lower deltiod (so called the regimental patch area - its autonomous area)
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Name the movements at each level of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebrae
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CERVICAL: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation only at atlanto-axial
THORACIC: rotation LUMBAR: flexion, extension and lateral flexion SACRAL: nil |
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Name the 3 layers of the meninges. What is special about each one?
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dura mater: tough
arachnoid mater: vascular pia: lines brain and spinal cord. fuses with ependyma to form choroid plexus |
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Why is there CSF?
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gives bouyancy and protection to brain and spinal cord
reduces the effective weight by 90% |
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Where would you expect to get pain if a lumbar nerve is compressed?
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in the dermatone of the nerve
e.g. a L4/5 disc prolapse gives a L5 nerve comepression and pain down the outside of the lower leg and onto the dorsum of the foot |
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What is a slipped disc?
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herniation of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc.
usually posterolateral |
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Name the parts of an intervertebral disc.
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inner softer nucleus pulposus
outer more fibrous annulus fibrosus |
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What is a ligament made of?
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dense connective tissue
mostly collagen |
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What do we mean by a primary and secondary curvature?
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Primary: whole spine concaves forwards like a letter C. ie in the womb and period of time following birth
Secondary: muscles then develop for cervical and lumbar to convex forwards to lift head and walk |
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Why is the ligamentum flavum called this and where does it attach?
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Flavum means yellow (meaning yellow elastic tissue)
lies between each lamina on the vertebrae |
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What is the foramen transversum and what goes through it?
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a hole in the transverse process of each cervical vertebrae transmitting the vertebral artery from C6 to C1 and the vertebral vein usually C1 - C7
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What is the dentate ligament?
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a fine sheet of pia that attaches spinal cord to dura laterally on each side with gaps in it to allow the exit of dorsal and ventral rootlets
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What happened to the vertebral body of the atlas?
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Probably now modified to give the dens of the axis. the arch of the atlas is also modified to give a thick lateral mass on each side
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Which joint do you use to say no?
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Atlanto - axial
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Which joint do you use to say yes?
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Atlanto occipital
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How would you classify the facets joints?
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typical
plane synovial |
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Do the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae point upwards or downwards?
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downwards
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With which part(s) of the thoracic vertebrae does a rib articulate?
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tubercle of rib with the tranverse process and head of the rib with facet on the side of body
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Why do you think that we see more people with bad backs at the lumbar level than elsewhere in the spine?
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there is more strain and body weight applied to this level because of our upright position
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What structures does the spinal needle pass through?
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skin- subcutaneous tissues - suprapinous and interspinous ligaments, dura - arachnoid
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Where are the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments? How do their attachments differ?
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the anterior longitudinal ligament is firmly attached to the anterior bodies of all the vertebrae and the discs between them. the posterior longitudinal ligaments lies with the whole length of the vertebral canal attached to the upper and lower posterior edges of the vertebral bodies and firmly to the discs between them. it is not attached to the central part of the posterior aspect of the body as there are no venous exit points there
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Where does the cephalic vein begin and end?
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begins at the radial side of the dorsal venous arch and ends in the axillary vein via the deltopectoral groove adn clavipectoral fascia
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What is a varicose vein?
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a dilated often tortous, superficial vein caused by cvalve failure within it or superficial to deep perforating systems
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Name 2 veins from which blood is easily taken.
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median cubital
cephalic at the radial side of the wrist |
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What movements occur at the elbow joint?
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flexion and extension
an element of pronation and supination also occurs as the radial head rotates on the capitulum of the humerus |
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What is the difference between superficial and deep fascia?
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superficial fascia separates skin and superficial fat from deeper fat and other structures.
Deep fascia surrounds muslces and separates them into compartments and also surrounds many other structures |
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Where would you take the "pulse" in the arm and leg?
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radial at wrist
-brachial at elbow -femoral at inguinal region -dorsalis pedis on dorsum of foot -posterior tibial behind malleolus |
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As you reflect the skin from the body what 3 types of tiny structures must you have cut?
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arteries
veins lymphatics and nerves |
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Which nerve from the lower limb could you use for nerve transplantation?
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sural nerve
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Why is the deep fascia thicker in the leg than in the arm?
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to provide firmer backing for the venous pumping action of muscle and to give extra area for the large muscel origins
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How far posteromedial to the patella foes the great saphenous vein lie?
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a hand's breadth
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Where would you find the small saphenous vein in relation to the ankle?
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just posterior to the lateral malleolus
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Is pronation / supination the equivalent of eversion / inversion
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No, they are entitely different mechanisms in different regions of the limbs
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Does eversion / inversion occur at the ankle joint?
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No it occurs at the subtalar joint
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If the knee is a hinge joint, how does it differ from an interphalangeal joint which is also a hinge joint?
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The knee is a modified joint as it can also rotate when flexed
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How many muscular compartments are there in the leg (below the knee)?
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4
anterior lateral deep superficial posterior |
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What is the difference between dorsi flexion and extension at the ankle?
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None
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Is the range of movements at the ankle and the wrist the same?
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the degrees of flexion and extension are not so very different but the writst also allows abduction and adduction
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What are the points of insertion of the 2 peroneal muscles and what movements do they produce in common?
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Brevis inserts to the base of the 5th metatarsal and longus to the base of the 1st metatarsal and the medial cuneiform.
they both evert the foot and weakly plantar flex |
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What disability do you get if you the common peroneal nerve is damaged?
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foot drop and sensory loss over the anterolateral lower leg and the the dorsum of the foot
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Which member of the quadriceps group of muscles does not arise on the femur?
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rectus femoris
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To what bony point is the patellar tendon attached?
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tibial tuberosity
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What, exactly is the medial border of the femoral triangle?
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medial border of the adductor longus
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What is the action of the sartorius?
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flexes
abducts laterally rotates thigh at the hip flexes knee |
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What is a bursa?
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Lubricating device which is a fbrous sac with synovial membrane
sometimes connecting with a joint found where tendons are in contact with bones, ligaments or other tendons. an adventitial bursa is between the skin and the underlying tissues |
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Which bursa is inflamed in Housemaids knee?
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prepatellar
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Which arch(es) of the foot are supported by tibialis anterior?
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medial longitudinal
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What is the surface marking for the femoral artery in the groin?
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mid inguinal point - halfway between anterior superior iliac spine ASIS and pubic symphysis
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What is meant by an arterial anastomosis?
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where branches of one artery join and share the distribution with another artery
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What is a tennis elbow
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tendonitis (inflammation) of the common extensor origin on the anterior aspect of the lateral epicondyle
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How do the superficial inguinal lymph nodes join the deep group?
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lymphatics pass through saphenous opening in the fascia lata
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Which artery is the main supply for the thigh?
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profunda femoris and circumflex branches of the femoral artery
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Which 2 joints do the hamstrings act upon?
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extend hip joint
flex knee joint |
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Which of the hamstrings laterally rotates the flexed knee?
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biceps femoris
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Could the biceps femoris equally rotate the extended knee?
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no
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Which posterior thigh muscle could be said to belong to both the adductor and hamstring groups?
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adductor magnus as it has heads belonging to each group at the appropriate nerve supply
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What is the difference in nerve supply between the 2 heads of the biceps femoris?
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Long head is supplied by tibial portion of sciatic
short head is supplied by the common peroneal portion of the sciatic |
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What are the 2 main branches of the sciatic nerve?
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tibial and common peroneal
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How do they differ in their root values?
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Tibial: L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
Common Peroneal: L4, L5, S1, S2 |
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Which side of the tibia do the semimembranosus and semitendinosus?
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medial side
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What nerves lie on either side (anterior and posterior) of adductor brevis?
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Anterior: anterior division of obturator
Posterior: posterior division of obturator |
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What is the difference between plantar flexion and true ankle flexion?
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None
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What 3 features have plantaris, soleus and gastrocnemius in common?
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they flex the ankle
they insert into the Achilles tendon they are supplied by the tibial nerve |
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What lies between the calcaneal tendon and the posterior surface of calcaneus?
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a bursa
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What is the fundamental difference between soleus and gastrocnemius?
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gastrocnemius acts on the knee as well as the ankle. Soleus does not
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What is an important secondary function of the soleus other than providing movement?
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muscle pump for aiding venous return
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Which tendon lies nearest to the medial malleolus?
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Tibialis posterior
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Which nerve and artery pass into the foot below and behind the medial malleolus?
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Tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery
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Which 2 muscles are most responsible for inversion of the foot?
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tibialis anterior and posterior
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Which 2 muscles are the most responsible for eversion of the foot?
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peroneus longus and brevis
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Can you name the tarsal bones?
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7
talus, calcaneus, navicular cuboid, medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform |
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What 2 features of the talus make it different from most bones in the body but similar to one in the hand?
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It has no muscle attachments but is liable to avascular necrosis as is the scaphoid
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Which is the most distal bit of skin that is supplied by the femoral nerve?
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medial side of the foot by the saphenous nerve
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What is the fundamental difference between peroneus longus/brevis and peroneus tertius?
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Longus and brevis plantarflex the foot
peroneus tertius dorsiflexes it |
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What muscle arises from the linea aspera?
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short head of biceps femoris
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What is avascular necrosis? Why does it occur in a fractured neck of femur?
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1) bone death from lack of blood supply
2) blood supply the head of the femur enters via retinacular fibres in the capsule. these are torn in a fracture across the neck of the femur |
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What is the position of a patient's leg with a fractured neck of femur? Why?
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Shortened and externally rotated. PSOAS pulls the leg upwards and externally rotates it as its axis of action is altered with a fracture
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Why has the flexion of the hip much greater range than extension?
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as man became upright a proportion of extension was expended. 4 legged animals have equal flexion and extension
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Name 2 functions of the fascia lata.
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- it provides the iliotibial tract which can hold knee locked
- it gives support and protection to the bulky thigh muscles |
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What is the iliotibial tract and what specific function does it have when we stand?
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It is the thickened part of the fascia lata which attaches to the lateral tibia, anterior to the line of the joint.
it can hold the knee in its locked extended position with minimal muscle action by the tensor fascia latae gluteus maximus |
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What muscles are essential for stabilising the hip as the opposite leg is lifted off the ground. what is the nerve supply and root value?
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Gluteus medius and minimus supplied by the superior gluteal nerve (L4. L5 and S1)
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Why is the medial menicus of the knee more liable to damage than the lateral one?
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Because it is attached to the medial collateral ligament of the knee and any damage to this ligament is liable to also damage the menicus. the lateral one can be can be pulled out of the way by the tendon of the popliteus
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Which cruciate ligament limits extension of the knee?
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anterior
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How is the integrity of the posterior cruciate tested?
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with the posterior draw test. With a knee bent and the foot on the ground, the tibia below the knee is pushed backwards to see if there is an abnormal amount of movement
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What structure is immediately related to the posterior capsule of the the knee?
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popliteal artery
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Name 2 essential differences between the suprapatellar bursa and the superficial infrapatellar bursa.
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suprapatellar is a true bursa that connects to the knee joint.
the superficial infrapatellar is an adventitial bursa with no such connections |
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What is the easiest way of telling if there is excessive synovial fluid in the knee joint?
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any potential synovial fluid is expressed from the suprapatellar bursa with one hand and patella is pushed backwards to see if there ia "tap" as it contracts the condyle of the femur. a "tap" would indicate excessive fluid.
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What movements are possible at the ankle joint?
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flexion and extension
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Whre precisely does the the capsule of the hip joint attach to the neck of the femur?
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anteriorly: as far as the intertrochanteric line
posteriorly: half way to the intertrochanteric crest |
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how does most of the blood reach the head of the femur in a child? What is the supply's parent artery?
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via a branch of the obturator artery and the ligamentum teres
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Why is there an abundance of lateral rotators of the hip and so few medial rotators?
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lateral rotation is an integral movement during walking
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What muscle is the most responsible for flexion of the hip and where does it insert?
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PSOAS, inserting to the lesser trochanter of the femur together with iliacus
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Name 2 large differences between the medial and lateral ligaments of the knee
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Medial: is broader, attached to the medial meniscus and then tibia
Lateral: cordlike, not attached to lateral meniscus and inserts to the fibula |
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What muscle cause lateral rotation of flexed knee?
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biceps femoris
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Name 3 bones to which the medial ligament of the ankle attaches
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talus
navicular calcaneus |
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Name 2 large nerves that lie immediately anterior and posterior to the hip joint?
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Femoral and sciatic
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Name 5 muscles that laterally rotate the hip
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quadratus femoris
obturator internus & externus gemellus superior and inferior piriformis gluteus maximus |
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How does the gluteus maximus help to hold the knee extended?
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By inserting into the iliotibial tract
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Into which quadrant of the buttocks would an injection most likely damage the sciatic nerve?
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medial and inferior
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How would a patient walk if they lost the use of their gluteus medius and minimus?
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With a dipping Trendelburg gait
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Name the 3 nerves that supply the skin of the buttocks.
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Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
iliohypogastric nerve perforating cutaneous nerve subcostal nerve posterior rami of S1, S2, S3 |
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Which are the 2 muscles that internally rotate the hip?
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the anterior fibres of the gluteus medius and minimus
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What 2 ligaments convert the greater and lesser sciatic notches into foramina
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sacrotuberous and sacrospinous
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Name 5 structures that emerge from the greater sciatic foramen
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piriformis
sciatic nerve nerve to quadratus femoris posterior femoral cutaneous nerve perforating cutaneous nerve superior and inferior gluteal neurovascular bundle pudendal nerve internal pudendal artery nerve to obturator internus |
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Name 2 vessels that contribute to the arterial anastomisis around the hip
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branches of superior and inferior gluteal arteries
branches of medial and lateral circumflex femoral ascending branches of the first perforating artery |
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Which nerve running across the posterior triangle of the neck would when cut lead to droopy shoulder?
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spinal root of accessory nerve (C1- C5)
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Name 2 vessels that contribute to the arterial anastomosis around the hip.
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-branches of superior & inferior gluteal arteries
- branches of medial & lateral circumflex femoral - ascending branches of the first perforating artery |
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Which nerve running across the posterior triangle of the neck when cut, lead to droopy shoulder?
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Spinal root of accessory nerve (C1-C5)
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What is the vertebral level of the sternomanubrial junction (angle of Louis)
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T4/5
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What is the vertebral level of the suprasternal notch?
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T2/3
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Say precisely the action of the right sternocleidomastoid muscle acting alone
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it approximates the right ear to the right sternoclavicular joint
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What 3 structures are in the carotid sheath at the level of C7?
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common carotid artery internal jugular vein
vagus nerve |
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The T1 root of the brachial plexus is related to a structure which no other root is. What is it?
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the neck of the first rib
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If you cut the dorsal scapular nerve what position would the scapula take?
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it would fall downwards and forwards
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Give the surface marking of the external jugular vein
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from below the earlobe to the middle of the clavicle
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Give the surface marking of the internal jugular vein
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from below the earlobe to behind the sternoclavicular joint
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Give the surface marking of the junction of the subclavian and internal jugular veins
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Behind each sternoclavicular joint
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Why would the police be interested in a fractured hyoid bone?
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it is usually fractured in strangulation
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Feel your own hyoid bone, does it move up or down when you initiate a swallow.
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up
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What is the ansa cervicalis and what does it supply?
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a loop of the C1,2,3 fibres lying on the lateral side of the carotid sheath that supplies sternohyoid, sternothyroid and omohyoid
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What muscle stops the enlarging thyroid gland growing under the jaw?
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sternothyroid
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In the upright position, which 2 bony points on the pelvis lie on the same vertical plane? which 2 bony points lie on the same horizontal plane?
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Vertical: ASIS and top of pubis
Horizontal: tip of coccyx (approximate ischial spines) and top of pubis (pubic tubercle) |
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Has the male or the female wider sub- pubic angle?
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female
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Where on the hip bone do the 3 constituent bones meet?
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centre of acetabulum
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What is the nerve root supply of the majority of the pelvic floor muscles and how does the coccygeus differ in this respect?
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S4 (perineal branch) but also from the inferior rectal and perineal branch of the pudendal nerve.
Coccygeus is supplied mostly by branches from S5 |
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There is a white line on the pelvic wall from which the anterior pelvic floor muscles arise? Upon which other muscle does this white line line?
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Obturator internus
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Into which 3 structures do the pelvic floor muscles lie?
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perineal body
anococcygeal body tip of coccyx |
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Which of the pelvic floor muscles is a continuous sling?
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puborectalis
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What are the bony boundaries of the pelvic inlet?
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sacral promontory
arcuate lines iliopectineal lines and pubic crests |
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Despite the fact that there is little movement in the scaro-iliac joint, it is still a synovial joint. True or false?
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True
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What is the definition of the perineum?
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the part of the trunk that lies below the pelvic floor
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The external oblique muscles arise from the last which ribs?
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8 ribs
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As the external oblique arise it interdigitates with 2 other muscles. Which ones and on which ribs ?
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Last 4 ribs: latissimus dorsi
Ribs 5-8: serratus anterior |
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The lower free edge of the external oblique is the inguinal ligament. To which 2 bony parts does it attach?
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ASIS and pubic tubercle
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The external pblique becomes aponeurotic below a line joining which 2 points?
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ASIS and the umbilicus
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On reaching the pubic tubercle the inguinal ligament curls backwards and upwards to give which ligament? This ligament then becomes the medial wall of which canal?
The ligament also extends along the superior pubic ramus and changes its name to which ligament? |
Lacunar ligament
Femoral canal Pectineal ligament |
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The superficial inguinal ring is a triangular shaped defect in the lower medial part of the external oblique. What makes the base of the triangle? What are the 2 sides of the traibgle called? What prevents the splitting of the upper outer fibres of the ring?
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pubic crest
medial and lateral crus intercrural fibres |
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In order to arise from the lumbosacral fascia, to how much of which part of the iliac crest must the internal oblique be attached?
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anterior two thirds
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In order to lie anterior to the deep inguinal ring, to how much of which part of the inguinal ligament must the internal oblique be attached?
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lateral two thirds
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The lowest fibres of the internal oblique thar arise from the inguinal ligament curl over the inguinal canal and attach to the pubic crest and pectineal line.
A) what additional structure do they form? B) what other fibres join them? C) what the nerve supply to this new structure? D) What type of hernia do you get if there is a weakness of this new structure? |
A) conjoint tendon
B) tranversus abdominis C) ilio-inguinal nerve (L1) D) direct inguinal hernia |
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As the fibres of theinternal oblique extend medially over the abdomen they become aponeurotic and provide a sheath for the rectus abdominis muscle. In the upper abdomen does this sheath-
A) lie anterior to the rectus muscle only? B) lie posterior to the recrtus muscle only? C) split to lie anterior and posterior? |
C) split to lie anterior and posterior
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What is the arcuate line?
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A tranverse line, a few centimetres eblow the umbilicus, where the aponeurosis of the internal oblique no longer splits to enclose to rectus muscle but instead passes anterior to the rectus muscle as does also the transversus abdominis
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What is the linea alba?
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this is the midline that divides the left and right rectus sheaths
fibrous structure made of white collagen connective tissue that runs down the midline of the abdomen. separates left and right abdominis muscles formed by the fusion of the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles |
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From how much of the iliac crest and the lateral half of the inguinal ligament does the transversus abdominis arise? Does it lie lateral or anterior to the deep inguinal ring?
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It arises from the anterior 2/3 of the iliac crest and the lateral half of the inguinal ligament. Thus it becomes the lateral border of the deep inguinal ring
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Does the tranversus abdominis lie anterior or posterior to the rectus abdominus muscle below the arcuate line?
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Anterior
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Between which 2 muscles do neurovascular bundles run in the abdominal wall?
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Between internal oblique and tranversus abdominis
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What is the name of the structures that bind the rectus abdominis muscle to the anterior rectus sheath in the upper abdomen and give a six pack appearance?
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tendinous intersections
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In the suprapubic region what two layers of tissue separate the rectus muscle from the bowel?
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tranversalis fascia and peritoneum
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What is the main action of the rectus abdominus?
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flexes the trunk
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Which is the last costal cartilage to attach to the sternum. Does this knowledge help to remember the nerve supply of the abdominal wall muscles?
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the 7th.
Yes, because the first intercostal nerve to appear inthe abdomen will be the 7th. Therefore the nerve supply to the anterior abdominal wall muscles is T7-T12 |
