Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the illecreal valve?
|
-spincter that is stronger than pyloric valve
|
|
What is the large intestine lined with?
|
-simple columnar cells (absorptin)
|
|
What does the large intestine absorb?
|
-electrocytes and water
|
|
What is the flow of chyme in the large intestine?
|
-begins at ileocecal valve (on the side of body)
-goes from cecum to ascending colon -goes around to descending colon -flows to sigmoid colon which then becomes the rectum |
|
What is the cecum and what use of it is it to us?
|
-pouch at beginning of large intestines
-no true use of it to us -produces enzymes that break down cellulose for animals |
|
What is the appendix?
|
-vestible organ (useless)
-part of immune system (similar to tonsils) -contains immune structures |
|
Why do we have bacteria in intestines?
|
-we need them to help digest
-immune system maintains symbiotic relationship -can be deadly if too many and out of control |
|
Why does the appendix get removed?
|
-fecal matter gets in cecum and blocks appendix
-bacteria trapped in appendix cause inflammation -swells til it bursts -bacteria get into peritneal cavity (peritnealitis) and can cause death if untreated |
|
What reflexes does the large intestine do?
|
-gastrocolic
-gastroileal -defication |
|
What is the gastrocolic reflex?
|
-begins mass movement to empty ascending colon
|
|
What is the gastroileal reflex?
|
-moves material into cecum from illeum to clear for chyme to enter small intesinnes
-relaxes illececal valve |
|
What doesn't the large intestine have?
|
-rugae
-microvilli -everything stomach and small intestines have except columnar cells for absorption and muscles |
|
What is the defication reflex?
|
-starts when pressure receptors in rectum trigger defication in brain
-gives sensation to go to the bathroom -relaxes internal spincter |
|
What is the external anal spincter made of?
|
-skeletal muscle
-for control unless having diarrhea |
|
What is diarrhea?
|
-occurs when something harmful enters intestines
-needs to remove it asap (explains why fecal matter is watery) -can dehydrate |
|
What are the haustrums?
|
-parts of large intestines that are divided
|
|
What are the three Haustrum muscle actions?
|
-peristalsis
-haustrum churning -mass movement |
|
What does peristalsis of the large intestines do?
|
-to transport materials from one haustrum to another
|
|
What does the Haustrum churuning of the large intestines do?
|
-contracts muscles to bring as much H2O as possible to walls for absorption
|
|
What does mass movement of the large intestines do?
|
-forces chyme "downstream" in 1 action
-packs unusual material into sigmoid colon and rectum |
|
What are epiploic appendages and what is convenient about them?
|
-bags of adipose cells
-source of energy for large intestines |
|
Why type of muscles do the large intesines have?
|
-circular muscles
-longitudinal muscles |
|
What is different about longitudinal muscles in large intestines than in other parts of the digestive system?
|
-actually bands or spindles called tenae coli
|
|
Where are the tenae coli located within the large intestines?
|
-anterior side
-posterior side -lateral side |
|
What happens when you hold in excretory matter within rectum for too long?
|
-begin to have really painful sensations with muscles holding in material
-may force brain to relax muscles if pain is too great |
|
What muscles are used for excretion?
|
-internal/ external spincters
-abdominal compression (can't breath) |
|
What is constipation?
|
-when you don't have enough water or mucus for lubrication of large intestines
-fecal matter gets stuck -large intestines shut down -need to lubricate manually |
|
When do gastrocolic and gastroilial reflexes occur?
|
-around the same time
|
|
What does the gall bladder do?
|
-stores bile
-uses smooth muscles to pumo it out |
|
What do hepatic ducts do?
|
-brings enzymes and refined materials from liver to small intestines
|
|
What is the major duodenal pailla?
|
-spincter that releases bile into duodenum
|
|
What happens when dudenal pailla is closed?
|
-bile backs up to gallbladder
|
|
How are gallstones removed?
|
-removed by microscopic surgery
-just 3 small holes |
|
What are gallstones?
|
-condensations of either cholesterol or calcium and bile salts
-can cause extreme pain if untreated |
|
What is the liver (size orient)?
|
-largest organ in the body
|
|
What does the liver produce?
|
-produces bile
-produces plasma proteins (for clotting, etc -produces hundreds of enzymes for breaking down molecules |
|
What does the liver detect?
|
-filters blood to detect toxic molecules then detoxifies
|
|
What does the liver refine?
|
-refines raw nutrients for absorption into intestines (lipids, etc)
|
|
What does the liver store?
|
-glycogen
-storage material of glucose when too much is in blood |
|
What are the four lobes of the liver?
|
-right
-left -quadrate -caudate |
|
What runs behind the liver?
|
-Veva cava
|
|
What is the hepatic lobule?
|
-alot in liver
-contains 3 vessels at each corner -vessels drain into central vein at center |
|
What are the three vessels of the hepatic lobule?
|
-Hepatic portal triads
-hepatic artery -hepatic portal vein -branch of bile duct |
|
What does the hepatic artery contain?
|
-high in oxygen
-refined nutrients -raw lipids -some metabolic wastes |
|
What does the hepatic portal vein contain?
|
-high in CO2
-some wastes -raw nutrients directly from small intestines |
|
What does the branch of the bile duct transport?
|
-transports bile out of liver back to gall bladder or duodenum
|
|
What are hepatocytes?
|
-liver cells
-highly vascularized -do the refining |
|
-What do central veins do? What is in it?
|
-drains globule
-oxygen deprived -got refined nutrients converted by hepatocytes |
|
What do hepatic sinusoids contain?
|
-kupler cells
|
|
What are kupler cells?
|
-phagocytic cells that remove harmful materials that shouldn't be there
|
|
What can alcohol do to the liver?
|
-alcohol can harm the liver just as tobacco can with the lungs
|
|
What is different of the liver with the lungs when damaged?
|
-cells can regenerate over time if patient stops harming it
|
|
Where is the pancreas located?
|
-behind stomach
|
|
Why is the pancreas known as a dual organ?
|
-acts as an exocrine and endocrine gland
|
|
What is the exocrine function of pancreas?
|
-produces digestive enzymes
-enzymes go to duodenum using ducts and enter through dudenal papilla (spincter) |
|
What is the accessory duct used for?
|
-as a saftey device if main pancreatic duct was damaged or blocked
|
|
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
|
-produces the hormones: insulin and glucogon
|
|
What are acinar cells?
|
-part of acinar island
-either alpha or beta cells |
|
What do alpha cells produce?
|
-glucogon
|
|
What do beta cells produce?
|
-insulin
|
|
What does insulin do?
|
-lowers blood/glucose level
|
|
What does glucogen do?
|
-raises blood/glucose level
|
|
What is special about both hormones?
|
-both work sychronicqally with each other
|
|
What happens when you eat food?
|
-beta cells produce insulin
|
|
What happens when you use too much glucose from running from danger?
|
-alpha cells produce glucogon that breaks down glycogen
|
|
What's wrong with too little glucose?
|
-body doesn't function
|
|
What's wrong with too much glucose?
|
-can rot blood cells
|
|
What is pancreatic cancer?
|
-worst cancer
-hard to remove with surgery (not alot of connective tissue) -chemotherpy is difficult (cells are too close together) -radiation is difficult (behind stomach and other organs) |