Anatomy 101 Exam 1

Front 1

Transverse plane

Back 1

Cuts across the body horizontally (torso separates from legs)

Front 2

Sagittal plane

Back 2

Cuts the body in half vertically (separating into left and right sides)

Front 3

Frontal/ coronal plane

Back 3

separates front from back

Front 4

Moving toward the head

Back 4

Superior/cranial/cephalic

Front 5

Superior/cranial/cephalic

Back 5

toward the head

Front 6

Inferior/caudal

Back 6

toward the feet

Front 7

Anterior/ ventral side

Back 7

(the belly side) front side of the body

Front 8

Posterior/ dorsal

Back 8

The back side of the body

Front 9

Medial

Back 9

toward the mid line of the body

Front 10

lateral

Back 10

away from the midline of the body

Front 11

Superficial

Back 11

toward the surface of the body

Front 12

Deep

Back 12

toward the core/ cavities of the body

Front 13

Upper extremities

Back 13

arm and forearm

Front 14

Lower extremities

Back 14

thigh, leg (knee to ankle), foot

Front 15

Proximal

Back 15

moving towards the torso (towards the point of attachment)

Front 16

Distal

Back 16

Moving away from the point of attachment

Front 17

Another word for organs

Back 17

viscera

Front 18

What are the 4 main cavities?

Back 18

1. Cranial
2. vertebral
3. thoracic
4. abodminopelvic

Front 19

The cavities within the thoracic cavity

Back 19

Pleural cavity, mediastinum, and pericardial

Front 20

Pleural Cavity

Back 20

surrounds the lungs

Front 21

Mediastinum

Back 21

encloses the heart among other things in the area between the lungs

Front 22

Pericardial

Back 22

encloses the heart only

Front 23

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Back 23

just inferior of the diaphragm and holds the most viscera

Front 24

The levels of organization

Back 24

Atoms --> molecules --> cells --> tissues --> organs --> systems --> organism

Front 25

Homeostasis

Back 25

An internal consistency. Organs and organ systems are used to achieve this goal.

Front 26

What are the 4 classifications of large organic molecules?

Back 26

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids

Front 27

How are carbohydrates structured?

Back 27

They contain carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens in a 1:2:1 ratio.
They are long chains of organic molecules which are chains of smaller organic molecules made of sugars

Front 28

Carbohydrate sugars

Back 28

-simple sugars come in straight chain or ring shape depending on the environment
-two simple sugars can link to make a disaccharide
-Monosaccharide --> disaccharide--> polysaccharide--> starches

Front 29

Lipids (fats/oils)

Back 29

Long chains with carbons, and hydrogens, and very few oxygens
Not soluble in water (cannot make bonds with water therefore cannot dissolve)

Front 30

Fatty Acids (lipid)

Back 30

are a class of lipids that we use in our diet as a storage for of energy (use to burn for fuel) *(better form of energy then sugar, because it is harder to burn off)

Front 31

Steroids

Back 31

backbone is 3 six carbon rings and 1 five carbon ring (cholesterol is a steroid lipid, that helps keep cell membranes together) Ex of steroid hormones: estrogen, testosterone

Front 32

Phospholipid

Back 32

has fatty acid hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

Front 33

Proteins

Back 33

Chains of smaller organic molecules called amino acids (amino acids are the building blocks for protein)

Front 34

Structure of proteins

Back 34

A chain of amino acids. In the center of amino acids is a carbon called the central carbon. The central carbon is bound to four things
1. A hydrogen at the top
2. An amino acid (two hydrogens and a nitrogen) group to the left
3. A carboxyl (carbon with two oxygens and a hydrogen) group to the right.
4. R' group at the bottom. Because this R' group can either have a positive or negative charge they reflect each other causing the amino acid chain to twist. Creating a three dimensional shape.

Front 35

Why does the shape of the amino acid matter?

Back 35

The three dimensional shape of the protein determine what it does

Front 36

The 4 different classifications for protein structure

Back 36

1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary

Front 37

Nucleic Acids

Back 37

Determines the order in which amino acids will be put together in a protein structure

Front 38

Structure of Nucleic acids

Back 38

Chains of nucleotides (smaller organic molecules that you link together to form nucleic acids). In the middle of a nucleotide there is a five carbon sugar. Attached to one side is a phosphate group and attached to the other is a nitrogenous base (which is either a purine or pyrimidine)

Front 39

DNA and RNA

Back 39

Are chains of nucleic acids. The order of the nitrogenous bases determine the order the amino acids will be put together in the protein structure

Front 40

ATP

Back 40

derived from a nitrogenous base. Adenosine triphosphate. A high energy molecule, often called the currency of the cell because it is used up so often (everything a cell has to do will cost it some energy (ATP))

Front 41

Where is the energy in ATP?

Back 41

The energy in ATP is concentrated in the bond holding the third phosphate group to the second. In order to release energy that last bond must be broken. The ATP then turns into ADP. To turn ADP back into energy you must add a phosphate group back on

Front 42

What are the 3 basic components of a cell?

Back 42

1. plasma membrane
2. nucleus
3. cytosol

Front 43

What three components make up the plasma membrane?

Back 43

1. phospholipids
2. cholesterol
3. proteins

Front 44

Phospholipids

Back 44

hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. Tails point towards each other and heads face out. Not a solid wall.

Front 45

Cholesterol

Back 45

Cholesterol are dispersed along the phospholipids by the tails, they are there to help with stability and structure.

Front 46

4 types of proteins

Back 46

1. channel protein
2. identification tags
3. receptors
4. working channels (needs ATP)

Front 47

Cytosol

Back 47

The fluid inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus where many organelles reside.

Front 48

What three basic jobs do cells do?

Back 48

1. metabolism
2. protein synthesis- reading DNA and assembling the amino acids according to the rules
3. Cell division- do at the end of their life to make the next generation

Front 49

Simple diffusion

Back 49

the random movement of molecules down their concentration gradient

Front 50

Facilitated diffusion

Back 50

is passive and allows larger molecules to pass through channels down their concentration gradient

Front 51

Active transport

Back 51

This is moving something up its concentration gradient. For this you need both a pump and ATP

Front 52

The sodium potassium pump

Back 52

does not wish to reach an equilibrium. Three sodium go out and two potassium come in. ATP is needed and phosphorylation is done to activate the pump

Front 53

3 types of transportation

Back 53

1. Active
2. Passive
3. Vesicular

Front 54

Vesicular Transport

Back 54

When the molecules are invaginated in the cell through a process called endocytosis and brought out of the cell through exocytosis

Front 55

Endocytosis

Back 55

general word for molecules coming in the cell by vesicle

Front 56

Phagocytosis

Back 56

is the endocytosis of solids like food or bacteria

Front 57

Pinocytosis

Back 57

the endocytosis of liquids

Front 58

What is necessary for osmosis to occur?

Back 58

a semi permeable membrane
a concentration gradient

Front 59

Ribosomes

Back 59

cytosol has little “dots” in which are called ribosomes (partly protein and partly nucleic acid) free ribosomes. Fixed ribosomes mean they are anchored to something. Ribosomes are the surface in which we assemble proteins

Front 60

Rough ER

Back 60

rough because it is studded with ribosomes. Flattened sacks of membrane. Rough ER processes proteins; help fold, process, and edit the first draft of the protein to make it a more functional mature thing. Send proteins to the golgi. The golgi then sends them out of the cell through exocytosis.

Front 61

Smooth ER

Back 61

has no ribosomes. This is because the function of the smooth ER is to process lipids and detoxify some poisons brought it from our diet.

Front 62

Golgi apparatus

Back 62

multiple layers of flattened sacks and little vesicles coming off the side. Further processing of proteins to be shipped out of the cell. (kind of like the post office).

Front 63

Membrane bound organelles

Back 63

rough ER, smooth ER, and golgi apparatus

Front 64

Mitochondria

Back 64

oval shaped structures made of membrane. There is both an outer smooth membrane and inner membrane with folds called cristae. Generates ATP (powerhouse of the cell) using the food you eat and the air you breathe. Mitochondria have their own DNA called mitochondrial DNA.

Front 65

Flagellum

Back 65

only found in the sperm of the human body. Long chains of proteins that act as a tail

Front 66

Protein Synthesis

Back 66

A copy of the DNA is made in the nucleus. In the DNA are instructions for assembling proteins. That copy of the DNA is then sent to the ribosomes where the protein is assembled and then sent to the golgi apparatus to be packaged and sent out of the cell

Front 67

2 steps of protein synthesis

Back 67

1. Transcription
2. Translation

Front 68

Nuclear membrane/ envelope

Back 68

has pores which allow molecules to move in and out of the cell

Front 69

How many chromosomes does the human body have?

Back 69

46

Front 70

Histones

Back 70

A protein whose job is to wind up the DNA so it is compacted enough to fit in the cell

Front 71

Gene

Back 71

a sequence of bases. Theses bases serve as the code for protein synthesis

Front 72

Where is mRNA produced?

Back 72

In the nucleolus

Front 73

What are the subunits of microfilaments?

Back 73

Actin