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213 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 major types of tissues
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muscle, nervous, connective, epithelial
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components of protoplasm (living component of cells)
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cytoplasm and karyoplasm
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cytoplasm
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from nuclear to cell membrane
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karyoplasm
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within in the nuclear membrane
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Steps of tissue preparation
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fixation, dehydration and clearing, embedding, sectioning, (rehydration), mounting and staining.
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Tissue preparation: Fixation
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fix the structure of the tissue using formaldehyde
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Tissue preparation: dehydration and clearing
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dehydrate to remove water and add alcohol (so that alcohol can be replaced by paraffin in the next step, water cannot be replaced by paraffin directly). Clear using xylene so that the tissue can be viewed under a microscope.
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Tissue preparation: Embedding
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add paraffin to replace alcohol. Paraffin makes the tissue solid, so that it can be cut.
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Tissue preparation: Sectioning
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cut tissue, using a microtome, into very small sections
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Tissue preparation: (Rehydration)
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rehydrate tissue so that it can be stained with water soluble dyes
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Tissue preparation: Mounting and Staining
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mount sections on glass slides, stain with water soluble dyes. Cover with coverslip.
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H & E staining method
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Hematoxylin and Eosin
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Hematoxylin
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Basic Blue dye, binds acidic regions on the cell (cartilage matrix, and nucleus[w/ nucleic acids])
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Eosin
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Acidic Pink Dye, binds most other oraganelles AND collagen fibres.
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Types of Microscopes
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Light and Electron (magnets used to focus electron beams to magnify image)
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EM
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TEM and SEM
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TEM
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Transmission electron microscope. black and white details inside the cell
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SEM
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Scanning Electron Microscope. 3D details of the surface of the cell.
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Cell Membrane
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Plasmalemma: Phospolipid bilayer, plus proteins (integral + peripheral)
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3 types of intracellular junctions
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tight junctions, anchoring junctions, gap junctions
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tight junctions
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zonula occludens; tight seal between cells that prevents anything else from going thru
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achoring junctions
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zonula adherens; junctions between cells, maintains cell cell contact. eg. desmosome and hemidesmosome
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desmosome
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cell cell contact(anchoring junction) between cell sides.
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hemidesmosome
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contact(anchoring junction) between basal surface and cell.
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Gap junctions
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Communicating junctions: bunch on intercellular channels used to transport chemicals, which leads to cell cell talk.
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Components on nucleus
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Nucleolus, Chromatin, nucleoplasm(karyoplasm), nuclear envelope
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What does karyoplasm Contain
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macromolecules and nuclear particles
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What is nucleolus made of?
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rRNA synthesis and assembly happens here.
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Types of Chromatin
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Hetero and eu. Eu in uncolied, looks lighter and is a sign of a lot of activity.
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Components of a nuclear membrane
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2 layers (w/ a peri-nuclear cisternae in the middle)...and nuclear pores
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Nuclear pores properties
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The number of nuclear pores changes with activity level. They also have a diaphargm, which acts as a selective barrier.
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Mitochondria Types
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Tubular and Crista. Depends on the type of folding they have. The functions are the same. Space between 2 membranes: inter-membrane/inter-cristal space
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Tubular mitochondria
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Found in special tissue like heptocytes and adrenal and sexual(for steroid production). They can work under different environements.
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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triglyceride, steroid and cholestrol synthesis. Mostly in liver and sexual and adrenal tissues.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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continuous with the nuclear membrane. makes proteins (for secretion or integral)
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Ribosome
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small and large subunits. If attached to RER than protein is for export.
Polyribosomes: bunch of ribosomes doing the samething, but not attached to ER. |
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Protein synthesis
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initiator tRNA..P site...A site...release factor
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Translation into the RER
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Signal sequence at the start of translation by the ribosome. Signal sequence bound by SRP. translation stops. SRP goes and bind the SRP receptor in the RER. The protein is threaded thru and translation is unpaused. Protein folding and modification is done in the lumen of the RER
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Golgi: Structure and function
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sacs of membrane bound cisternae.
cis: makes proteins and carbohydrates medial: modifies trans: sorts and transports proteins made by RER It also produces lipids and lysosomes |
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Golgi: Location and Staining
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Close to the nucleus. Convex to it. Doesnt stain very well with H and E staining. SO light pink.
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Lysosomes: Where do they come from?
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Released from the golgi, filled with hydrolytic enzymes.
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Lysosomes: Types
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Primary, Secondary and Tertiary. Primary..newly made. Tertiary..have used up all their enzymes
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Tertiary Lysosome
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Sometimes called residual body. Filled with debris. Are never cleared and eventually pigment the skin.
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Peroxisome
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Contain oxidative enzymes. If open they kill the cells (programmed to do this during apoptosis). Otherwise useful for fatty acid and bile digestion.
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What are inclusions?
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particles that are not bound by membranes and do not possess any metabolic activity. lipid droplets, glycogen, pigments, crystals
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Cytoskeleton: Components
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Microtubules, Thin filaments, Intermediate filaments
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Cytoskeleton: Function
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Cell morphology, cell motion and intracellular transport.
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Centrosome: Structure
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2 centrioles, surrounded by per-centrioler matrix
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Centriole: Structure
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9 triplets of microtubules.
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Centrosome: Function
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generation of more microtubules, generation of a mitotic spindle.
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Cilia
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arise from basal bodies. basal bodies arise from centriole.
cilia has 9 triplets of microtubules on the outside and 2 microtubules in the centre |
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Axoneme
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the 9+2 structure of cilia is called this
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Parts in a cell cycle
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G1(organelles multiply), S(DNA multiplies), G2(energy storage) and division(mitosis)
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Part in Cell division
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Mitosis, Cytokenesis
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Mitosis
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Coiling of DNA. Chromatids are lined up at the centre using a mitotic spindle(prophase and anaphase). the sister chromatids are pulled apart(metaphase and telophase)
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Epithelium tissue (intro)
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Can be surface or glandular
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Gladular epithelial tissue
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Endo or Exocrine
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How is epithelial tissue different from other tissues?
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- Avascular. Top layer of cells die and are replaced by the layer beneath. That's how the cells stay nourished.
- Closely packed cells with little extracellular matrix. - Rapid mitosis. Loss in control of this mitosis causes cancer |
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Carcinoma
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Epithelial Cancer
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Adenocarcinoma
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glandular carcinoma
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4 functions of epithelial tissue
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- Protects: underlying organs
- Transports: to other tissues - Absorbs: substances from surface or lumen - Synthesizes and secretes |
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2 types of epithelial tissue
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Glandular
Surface |
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Types of surface epithelium
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-Simple
-Stratified -Pseudostratified -Transitional |
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Types of Simple Surface Epithelium and their structure
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Simple(1 layer)
-Squamous(flat): blood vessels(endo and mesothelium) -Cuboidal(cube like): kidney tubules.. -Columnar(oval): small intestine and gall bladder |
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Types of Stratified Surface Epithelium
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Stratified(more than 1 layer)
-sqamous, non-keratinized: wet surfaces like oral cavity and such - squamous, keratinized: dry surfaces, like skin - cuboidal: ducts like esophagus and sweat - columnar: large ducts and eyelids |
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Pseudostratified surface epithelium
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Single layer...nuclei at different heights
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basement membrane
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layer of cells between epithelial tissue and connective tissue. its the extracellular matrix. Epithelial tumors are staged here. If there is a break in the basement, we might have a tumor spread using the connective tissue.
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Transitional surface epithelium
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Stratified. Changes shape with extension. Like in the urinary bladder. Add stuff, cells become flat with 2-4 layers. Take stuff out, cell become dome shaped with 5-7 layers.
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Polar components of the surface epithelium
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The internal components of the cells are lined up according to the external polarity.
Apical, basal and lateral are the 3 sides of the cell. |
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Cell surface characteristics of the Apical surface
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Microvilli (actin), Cilia (microtubules)
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Cell surface characteristics of the Lateral Surface
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- Zonula Occludens: Tight junctions
- Zonula adherens: Anchoring junctions, zone of adherence - Macula adherens: Spot of adherence (ex. desmosome) - Gap(communicating) junctions |
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Cell Surface characteristics of the Basal Surface
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hemidesmosomes. junctions which link the epithelia to the underlying connecective tissue.
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Intracellular polarity of the surface epithelia
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Basal: Nucleus, mitochondria, RER
Apical: Secretory Vesicles, Golgi |
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How is the glandular epithelium formed?
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Surface epithelia..invades underlying connective tissue...resulting in glands with two parts: the parenchyma(functional unit) and the stroma(support)
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Types of glandular epithelium
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Exocrine: Dont lose support of the surface epithelium, product is secreted via a duct into the lumen.
Endocrine: lose contact with surface epithelium, product is secreted in the outlying connective tissue and carried away by blood. |
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Modes of classification of Exocrine glans
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- Shape
- Type of product - Mode of Secretion |
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Classification of Exocrine glands based on Shape
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- Simple: tubular(tube-like), acinar(berry like), or both
- Compound: tubular, acinar or both. Hair follicle: Example of compound acinar. Clogging causes acne |
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Classification of Exocrine glands based on type of product
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Mucous: thick, like in respiratory or salivary
Serous: watery, like in pancreas or salivary glands Both: many glands secrete both |
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Classification of Exocrine glands based on mode of secretion
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-Holocrine: Cells burst and release their products. Sabatious(oil secreting) glands
-Merocrine: Cells release product only, by exocytosis. Least expensive. Used by most glands - Apocrine: Cells pinch of part of themselves. Mammary glands (making lipids) |
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Connective Tissue: Composition
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Cells
ECM |
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CT: Function
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-support
-platform for exchange -protection -storage of fat |
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CT: Categories
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-Proper
-Specialized: Blood, Bone, Cartilage |
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CT: Embryonic origin
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Mesenchymal tissue
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CT Proper types: Loose CT
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Loose and random mix of fibres and cells in gel like membranes and tissue fluid(lamina propreia in mucus membranes)
-primary battle ground for inflammation |
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CT Proper types: Dense CT
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Lot more fibres, lot less cells
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Dense CT types
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Based on orientation of collagen fibres:
Regular Irregular |
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Dense Irregular CT
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Random dispersal of fibres. Found in dermis and capsule of some organs
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Dense Regular CT
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Cylindrical dispersal of fibres. Found in Tendons and Ligaments
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Fibroblasts
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-Most abundant cells in CT
-synthesize all the ECM -elongated, with lots of RER and euchromatic nucleus -active stage, are basophilic -resting: acidophilic |
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Collagen Fibre: Structure
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-makes up the ECM
-made up of a triple helix of tropocollagen, which goes on to make fibril, which in turn goes on to make a fibre, which in turn makes a bundle, bundle forms into a tendon |
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Collagen Fiber: Synthesis
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DNA-->mRNA-->pre-procollagen(ER)-->procollagen triple helix in ER -->propeptidase cleaves procollagen into tropocollagen-->spontaneous assembly into fibril
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Elastic CT
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-made of loose CT called elastic fibers
-provide elasticity to the surface of the organs ECM (hence the organ..eg.skin, arteriole). -inner core made of elastin(protein), outer layer made of microfibrils |
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Reticular CT
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-type III collagen + loose CT
-framework for liver, spleen, adipose tissue, bone marrow, basement membrane |
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Mast Cells
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-arise from bone marrow
-inflammation and allergy -lots of granules(heparin and histamine) -spherical nucleus -filopodia(cytoplasmic processes) |
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Plasma Cell
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-Ab secretion (no granules)
-Clockface nucleus(spots of heterochromatin all around) -ovoid cells (with eccentric nucleus) -well developed RER |
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Macrophages
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-arise from monocytes(hematopoietic stem cells)
-well developed ctyskeleton, golgi, RER -indented nucleus -produce cytokines and Growth Factors -irregular shape -lots of lysosomes |
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Unilocar (White) Adipose Tissue
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-richly vascularized
-found in subcutaneous layers -have receptors for insulin, growth factors, norepinephrine, glucocorticoids and other growth regulators |
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Multilocar (Brown) Adipose Tissue
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- highly vascularized
- fat is still white, but due to all the blood looks brown - found in neck and interscapular region on newborns. - many many more mitochondria (20X faster fat metabolism) - 3X heat production (good for newborn) - over feeding in newborn can convert brown fat to white fat |
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Muscle Tissue
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originated from the mesoderm
- straited - smooth |
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Types of straited muscles
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-skeletal
-cardiac |
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Smooth muscle
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found in the wall of hollow viscera, blood vessels and dermis of the skin
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Sarcolema
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Cell membrane
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Sarcoplasma
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Cytoplasm
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Sacroplasmic reticulum
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ER
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Sarcosome
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Mitochondria
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Myofilament
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Microfilament
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Myoglobin
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Pigment
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muscle structure
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myofilaments --> myofibrils --> muscle fibre --> endomysium --> muscle bundle --> perimysium --> muscle --> epimysium
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Myofibril
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Each one surrounded by network of sarcoplasmic reticulum and a sarcosome
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Types of Myofilaments
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Thick (myosin) --> 2 parts (heavy and light parts..meromyosin)
Thin (actin) --> made of actin filament, troponin, and tropomyosin -directly on indirectly attached to Z-disk |
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A band
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Part of myofibril with both myosin and actin
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I band
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Part of myofibril with just actin
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H band
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part of myofibril with just myosin
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sarcomere
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functional unit of a muscle tissue
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Sarcotubular system
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- 2 ends of the sarcomere enlarge to form terminal cisternae
- two adjacent terminal cisternae are separated by a T-tubule. |
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Triad
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T-tubule(cont. with the cell membrane) and 2 terminal cisternae
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Sliding Filament Theory
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- Impulse thru Tubule
- Release of Ca2+ from the terminal cisternae into the cytosol - binding of Ca2+ to troponin and the release of tropomyosin - exposing of actin molecule and binding to myosin after ATP hydrolysis due to Mg ions - binding of ATP and release of myosin from actin |
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Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibres
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- Red: I
- White: IIB - Intermediate: IIA |
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Red Skeletal Muscle Fibre
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Aerobic
High Endurance Slow twitch Lots of mitochondria Lots of myoglobin |
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White Skeletal Muscle Fibre
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Anaerobic
Low mitochondria Fast twitch high force |
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Smooth muscle anatomy
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-mononucleated
-non-straited -no tubular system -thin layer of CT -found in GI tract for perstaltic movements |
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Smooth muscle contractions
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-slow, energy efficient, less fatigue
-3 myofilaments: actin, myosin, intermediate(desmin/vimentin) |
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Vimentin
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attaches to actin and myosin in smooth muscle
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Dense bodies
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-in smooth muscle actin, myosin and vimentin bind to the cell membrane(or each other) via dense bodies.
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Muscle tissue
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develops from mesoderm
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Nervous tissue origins
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ectoderm
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two parts of the nervous system
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-PNS: nerves
-CNS: brain, spinal cord.......... |
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What covers the CNS?
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3 layers of meninges:
Pia Meter Arachnoid Meter Dura Meter |
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Pia meter
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Innermost layer of the meninges
- blood circulation |
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Arachnoid
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-2nd layer of the meninges
- CSF circulation |
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Dura meter
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-outermost layer of the meninges
-dense CT -mechanical stress |
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Types of nervous tissue
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Gray matter
White matter |
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Types of cells in the nervous tissue
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-neurons
-glia |
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neurons
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excitable cells that carry impulses
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glia
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-non-excitable
-enchance transmission -eg. astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes |
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Types of nerve fibres
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-mylineated
-unmylineated |
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Parts of a neuron
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-dendrites
-soma -axon -axon terminal |
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Clasification of neurons based on number and position of axon and dendrites
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-unipolar
-bipolar -multipolar |
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Perikaryon (Soma)
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-trophic centre of the cell
-has a euchromatic nucleus with prominent nucleolus -golgi, mitochondria, nissl substance |
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Nissl substance
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ribosome rich RER
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Identifying the axon from the dendrite when looking at the soma
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start of axon is paler than most dendrites
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Dendrite
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recpetive region of the cell
-lacks golgi |
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Axon
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-SER but no RER
-microtubules for transport of vesicles -mitochondria |
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Axon terminal
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-electric or chemical signal
-lots of secretory vesicles -axon bulb -disease: myastenia gravis...bad enzyme in synaptic cleft..no degradation of chemical signla |
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Types of synapses
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-axo-axonic
-axo-dendritic -axo-somatic |
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part of synapses
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-pre-synaptic
-synaptic cleft -post-synaptic |
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Glial Cell functions
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-Biochemical
-physical support -csf production -growth and maintainence -immunity |
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Types of Glia
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-Ependymal: Make CSF
-Astrocytes: take nutrients from blood and pass to neurons -Microglia: macrophages -Oligodendrocytes: mylienate the nerve fibres in the CNS |
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Blood Brain Barrier
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3 layers:
-astrocytes -basement membrane -endothelial cells of the capillaries |
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PNS Myelination
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-Schwann Cells
-1 fibre (1-2mm segment) -nodes of ranvier |
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CNS Myelination
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-Oligodendrocytes
-can mylineate up to 60 fibres |
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Non-mylineated fibres
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-Upto 10 supported by Schwann cells.
-Axons can still communicate with ECM after support of schwann cells that cover them |
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Peripheral nerve structure
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single nerve fibre --> covered by endoneurium(CT) --> bunch of nerve fibres(fasicle) --> perineurium --> entire nerve --> epineurium
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Blood CSF barrier
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3 layers (same layers in choroid plexus)
- ependymal cells (simple cuboidal) - pia meter - endothelial cells of capillaries |
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choroid plexus
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-3 layers of tissue involved in CSF production
-found within the Brain ventricles |
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Nucleus and Ganglion
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-Bundles of cell bodies within the white matter of the CNS are called nuclei
-Bundles of cell bodies outside the CNS are called ganglion |
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Peripheral ganglia
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Made of:
- ganglionic cells: large round neurons - satellite cells: modified shawann cells that make a flat layer..support ganglionic cells |
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Arachnoid villi
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-project into blood sinus and act as drains for the CSF
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Cartilage General
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-Special CT
-no nerves or blood -cells are called chondrocytes -friction less, shock absorber -ECM is made of GAGs and proteoglycans associated with Type II collagen and Proteoglycans |
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Types of cartilage
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-Hyaline: type II collagen
-Elastic: type II collagen and elastic -Fibro: type I collagen -blood supply in cartilage by diffusion |
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Hyaline cartilage
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-Embryonic mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts
-chondroblasts make matrix and fibres around themselves and trap them selves in lacunae -part of matrix around chondrocytes rich in GAGs, rest if type II collagen -surrounding cells may differentiate into dense irregular CT which will in turn form a perichondrium -condrocytes in clusters of 2-6 |
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Perichondrium
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-rich in blood and nerves and repairing cells
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Hyaline Cartilage (Where is it found?)
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Joints
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Elastic Cartilage
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-Like Hyaline
-More elastic and collagen fibres in matrix and perichondrium -no clusters of chodrocytes -but more dense populations of chondrocytes -found in ear, epiglottis, euschian tube and stuff |
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Fibro Cartilage
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-in intervertebral discs
-chondrocytes arise from fibroblasts and arrange in alternating patterns with type I collagen fibres -it does not have a perichondrium |
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Bone
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-outer surface = periostenum
-middle internal surface = endostenum -calcified |
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Osteoprogenitors
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-embryonic mesenchymal cells
-close to periostenum and endostenum |
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Osteoblasts
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-have surface receptor for PTH
-causes release of osteoprotegerin and hence the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts |
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Osteocytes
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-shrunken osteoblasts
-have cell processes that link them to other osteocytes(via gap junctions) -house in lacunae -cell proccess in narrow tunnels called calniculi |
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Osteoclasts
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-Ca breakdown from bone
-multinucleated -activated upon lack of estrogen -lost of scretory vesicles and digestive enzyme |
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Intra-membranous bone formation
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-Flat bone formation
-mesechymal tissue -some mesenchymal cells transform into osteoblasts -bony trabeculae and spicules formed -outer layer gets converted to peristenum and endostenum -under the endostenum and peristenum the spongy bone gets converted to compact bone |
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Spongy bone
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-random organization of bony trabaculae and spicules
-spaces left in the middle filled with red bone marrow |
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Endo-chondral bone ossification
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-hyaline cartilage model of bone made
-chondroblasts and perichondrium get converted to osteoblasts and periostenum -osteoblasts lay down bone matrix...leading to sub-cortical bone collar formation -bone collar prevents diffusion of nutrients and hence death of chondrocytes ensues -holes etched into collar opens up room for periosteal bud. which brings in osteoprogenitors -new cells make more bone -osteoclasts start to make a marrow cavity -all cartilage is replaced except the epiphyseal plates -2ndary centres of ossification start at either side of the epiphysis |
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Endo-chondral bone ossification
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-long bone formation
-ephiphysal plates and periostenum control bone length |
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Compact bone
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-thin layers of bone make it (lamellae)
-outer circumfretial(under peristenum) -innter circumferential(around marrow) -in the middle (haversian canal system) -interstitial lamellae (interspersed in the middle) |
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Bone repair
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-blood clot between fractured segments
-death of osteocytes, peristenum and endostenum -osteoprogenitors from peristenum, endostenum and marrow invade clot and differntiate into chondro and osteoblasts -hyaline cartilage(the repaired part on the sides) is replaced by primary(immature bone) -the callus(the repaired part in the middle) is then replaced by secondary bone and remodeled by osteoclasts |
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Blood
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-Special CT
-7% of weight -formed elements(not just cells): RBC, WBC, platelets -plasma |
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Plasma Vs Serum Vs Extra cellular fluid
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Plasma = 92% water, 7% protein
Serum = Plasma without organic and inroganic components that leave to form clot Fluid = plasma in tissues (this plasma has a different protein content) |
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RBCs
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-erythrocytes
-7 to 10 um -120 days later destroyed by macrophages of spleen, liver and bone marrow |
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Diapedesis
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Process used by leukocytes to migrate to CT and perform their function
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Types of leukocytes
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-Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
-Agranulocytes:Lymphocytes and monocytes |
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neutrophils
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-60-70%
-multilobed nucleus -phagocytosis -live for a week |
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Eosinophils
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-large reddish granules
-bilobed nucleus -eat entigen-antibody complex -fight parasites -1-4% |
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Basophils
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-0-1%
-S shaped nucleus |
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Monocytes
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-Macrophages
-3-10% -phagocytosis -dented, kidney shaped, nucleus |
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Lymphocytes
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-20-40%
-large nucleus -T and B |
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Platelets
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-Thrombocytes
-granulomere(inner granular region)...enzymes for blood coagulation -hyalomere(outer region) -bud off from stem cell called megakaryocytes(found in bone marrow) |
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Cardiovascular system
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-systemic circuit
-pulmonary circuit |
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Types of Tunics
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-Tunica Intima
-Tunica Media -Tunica Adventatia |
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Tunica Intima
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-Sqamous epithelia supported by sub-endothelial CT
- Sub-endothelial CT made of loose CT, covered by internal elastic membrane |
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Tunica Media
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-concentric layers of helically arranged smooth muscle fibres
-external elastic lamina marks the edge of tunica media |
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Tunica Adventitia
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-outside of vessels
-loose CT -carries vaso vasorum and nervi vasorum |
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Types of arteries
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-elastic: large arteries with lots of elastic fibre in the tunica media..right next to aorta
-muscular: regulate blood flow to organs by regulating their diameter -arteriole: regulate sytemic blood pressure |
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Types of Veins
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-Large: muscular
-Medium -Venules: site of diapesis |
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Arteries General
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They have very think tunica media
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Veins General
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Veins have a thick tunica adventitia
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Arteriole Vs Venule
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-most of the blood flows thru arterioles
-change in diameter of arteriole leads to change in blood pressure -venules are bigger |
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capillaries general
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-one layer of endothelium connected by tight junctions
-tranport vesicles used for trasport across tight junctions -usually have no tunica media -smooth muscle fibre not usually found around them, unless repairing an injury |
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pericytes
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-can differentiate into smooth muscle cells or endothelial cells to repair injuries
-share basal lamina with endothelial cells -have contractile protein like actin and myosin |
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Fenestered capillary
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-clusters of small pores present in capillaries(guarded by diaphragms)
-found in kidney |
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Sinusoidal Capillary
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-large fensterae
-no diaphragm -found in spleen,liver, lymph stuff,bone marrow |
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Lymphatic vessels
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-pick up excess interstitial fluid and bring it to cardiovascular system
-thin CT, thin Tunica media, thin tunica adventitia |
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Location of heart
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-2nd and 5th intercostal spaces
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Heart
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-4 valves
-left is right, right is left -right heart leads to pulmonary, left to aorta |
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Diastole-Systole
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D:
-blood flows into artia and ventricle S: -atria contract to push blood into ventricle -ventricles contract to push blood out 0.4sec each |
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Cardiac conduction
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SA node --> atria contract --> AV node --> AV bundle --> Bundle of Hiss --> Pirkinje Fibres(modified cardiac muscle fibres) --> innervate cardiac muscle fibres
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Layers above the heart
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-fibrous pericardium(intimately attached to serous pericardium)
-serous pericardium(continuous with serous epicardium) -serous epicardium(intimately attached to heart) |
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pericardial space
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-between serous pericardium and serous epicardium
-has serous fluid |
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heart walls
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-endocardium(intima)
-myocardium(media) -epicardium(adventitia)...same as covering |
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epicardium
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-produces serous fluid
-keeps heart frictionless -made of squamous or cuboidal cells -underneath epicardium, loose CT houses blood vessels and nerves |
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cardiac muscle
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-fibres connected top to end(gap junctions)
-horiziontally they have tight junctions -centrally located nucleus -striated -dyads instead of triads -branched cells |
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Atrial Myocardial cells
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-hold secretory granules
-hold atrial atriuretic peptide(ANP), which lowers blood pressure |
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Purkinje Fibres
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-modified cardiac muscle cells
-less myofibrils, more mitochondria, glycogen(for ATP production), lots of gap junctions and well developed cytoskeleton |
