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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What process is the following description describing: 'Antibodies clump ligand together'? |
Oligomerisation |
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The legs and body of the antibody is known as whoch terminus? Which terminus forms only the arms section? |
C-terminus N-terminus |
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'Forms the arms to the legs' 'Forms just the arms' Which statement corresponds to the heavy chain? Which corresponds to the light chain? |
Heavy chain: from arms to legs Light chain: just arms |
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Why can't a hapten create an immune response? What must be done to it to create the response? |
Too small Covalently attached to a larger molecule like a carrier protein |
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What produces cross-linkage in antibodies? |
2 cysteine amino acids provides disulfide bridge, gives structural support and rigidity |
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Define an epitope. |
Part of an antigen molecule which an antibody attaches itself |
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What is a hybridomas? What are they used for? |
Fusion of a lymphocyte with a melanocyte (cancer cell) Immortal, produce monoclonal antibodies, provide screening of polyclonal antiserum |
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Define an adjuvant. |
Material that stimulates the immune system |
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An adjuvant is added to the antigen and injected into an animal. After 3 weeks, the blood is removed and allowed to clot. What is the desired product? |
Polyclonal antiserum |
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Within the polyclonal antiserum, what 3 components would be expected to be present? |
1. Antibodies of interest 2. 2. Antibodies produced from the cross reaction with other antigens or haptens 3. Non-specific antibodies |
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What is the difference between an antigen, an immunogen and a hapten? |
Immunogen: any molecule that induces an immune response Antigen: Any molecule that interacts with antibodies Hapten: Molecule that reacts with a specific antibody but can't produce a response (immunogenic) by itself |
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State 3 advantages of producing monoclonal antibodies. |
-Single type of antibody is obtained -Rare antibodies specific to a minor component in a mixture can be isolated -Hybridomas can be kept and grown in cell culture to produce new batches of antibody |
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What does ELISA stand for? What 2 features are combined in this process? |
Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay Specificity of an antibody-antigen interaction and sensitivity of enzyme assays |
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In ELISA, how is the activity of the enzyme measured? |
Adding an appropriate substrate whcih yields a coloured or fluorescent product |
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How is quantitative ELISA data produced? |
Standard curve, generated from a serial dilution of a known purified antigen |
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How is semi-quantitative ELISA data produced? |
Intensity of signal will vary directly with antigen concentration |
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What is a double sandwich ELISA used for? (2 uses) |
Used to detect specific antigens Or to quantify the amount of antigens |
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In a double sandwich ELISA, the solid support is often what? Fill in the missing steps to complete a double sandwich ELISA below: 1. Wash beads, stuck antibodies will stay along with stuck antigen 2. 3. Wash again 4. |
Polestyreine bead 2. Add enzyme linked antibody, will bind to stuck antigen 4. Use enzyme to produce coloured product from substrate |
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An indirect ELISA is used for what? Attached to the solid support is what? |
Antibody detection Specific antigen |
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In an indirect ELISA, the surface is washed with antigens that are complementary to the surface bound antigens. What binds to the antibodies? |
Enzyme linked anti-immunoglobulin |
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In testing for ebola, what 2 antibodies were screened? |
IgM and IgG |
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Type A influenza can be further divided into subclassed based on antigenetic differences in the membrane proteins....? |
Heamaglutinin (HA) and Neuroamidase (NA) |
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What is Western Blotting used for? After running the gel, the bands are blotted onto what? Why is this chosen? |
Identification of specific proteins in a mixture after gel electrophoresis Nitrocellulose membrane, binds strongly to proteins |
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Suggest 3 ways that a band could be visualised? |
Answer can include any 3 of the following: Radioactive antibody Autoradiography Antibody linked to an enzyme Use colourimetric methods |
