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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What colour flame does lithium produce?
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Bright red
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What colour flame does sodium produce?
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Golden yellow
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What colour flame does potassium produce?
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Lilac
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What colour flame does calcium produce?
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Brick red
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What colour flame does barium produce?
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Green
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Solution X + NaOH and warm:
Ammonium gas formed |
NH4+
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Solution X + NaOH:
Reddish-brown precipitate |
Fe3+
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Solution X + NaOH:
Light green precipitate which slowly turns brown (looks 'dirt' green) |
Fe2+
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Solution X + NaOH:
Light blue precipitate |
Cu2+
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Solution X + NaOH:
White precipitate which is insoluble in excess |
Mg2+/Ca2+
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Solution X + NaOH:
White precipitate which dissolves in excess |
Al3+
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How do you test for carbonates?
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Add dilute acid, if it fizzes and produces CO2 it is a carbonate.
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When we heat copper carbonate which is green, what colour is the product?
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Black (the product is copper oxide (and CO2))
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When we heat zinc carbonate which is white, what colour is the product?
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The product is zinc oxide which is lemon-yellow when hot, turning black to white as it cools down.
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How do we test for halides?
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Add dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution.
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What colour precipitate do chloride ions give when a halide test is conducted?
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White.
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What colour precipitate do bromide ions give when a halide test is conducted?
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Cream
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What colour precipitate do iodide ions give when a halide test is conducted?
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Pale yellow
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How do we test for sulfates?
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Add hydrochloric acid followed by barium chloride solution. If a white precipitate is formed, there are sulfate ions.
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How do we test for nitrates?
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Add sodium hydroxide solution and warm gently. If no ammonia is detected add a little aluminium powder. If ammonia is given off (detected with litmus paper (turns from red to blue)) nitrate ions are present.
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How can we test for organic substances?
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Substances which char or burn on heating are organic, those that melt or vaporise are inorganic.
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How do we detect C=C bonds?
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Bromine water (unsaturated hydrocarbons turn bromine water colourless)
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What is Atomic absorption Spectroscopy?
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The passing of a liquid sample into a flame, where it vaporises. Light passing through the flame passes through a monochromator and onto a detector which produces a current based on light intensity. This is amplified and processed to provide a measurement of metal concentration.
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What is mass spectrometry?
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Comparing the masses of different atoms.
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When do we use gas-liquid chromatography?
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When separating compounds that are easily vaporised
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When do we use gel permeation chromatography?
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When separating compounds according to the size of their molecules.
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When do we use ion-exchange chromatography?
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When separating compounds containing differently charged particles.
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When do we use high-performance liquid chromatography?
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When separating compounds in solution.
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How does infra-red spectroscopy work?
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Molecules absorb IR radiation which makes the bonds vibrate. The frequency of the IR radiation absorbed depends on its bonds, hence the infra-red spectrum can provide information on its structure.
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How does UV-visible spectroscopy work?
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Energy carried by visible and UV light can be absorbed by compounds promoting electrons to higher energy levels. It is used with molecules and inorganic ions and allows us to make quantitative measurements about the amount of substance present.
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How does Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy work?
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Some nuclei are affected by a magnetic field and so we can use radio waves to 'flip' these nuclei. Measuring the amount of energy needed to cause the flipping at different frequencies produces a spectrum which we can use to determine the structure of large organic molecules. Also forms the basis of MRI.
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