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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does pain signal travel? |
Mechanoreceptors (pressure, touch, stretch) Thermoreceptors (heat) Photoreceptors (light) Chemoreceptors (taste, smell, o2/co2 levels) Nociceptors (pain) |
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Pain pathway |
1. Transduction 2. Transmission 3. Modulation 4. Projection 5. Perception |
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Central nervous system |
1. Brain and spinal cord are two parts 2. Spinal cord conducts input to brain and coordinates minor things 3. Brain processes sensory input and coordinates appropriate motor outputs 4. Brain and spinal cord are protected by bone |
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Transduction |
Conversion of a painful stimulus (mechanical, chemical, thermal) into an electrical signal |
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What are nociceptors |
Pain receptors found at the termination of free nerve fiber endings. Found in superficial and deep tissues |
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Two types of nerve fibers |
Alpha-delta: fat, myelinated, fast conducting (sharp, pricking pain) FIRST PAIN C: thin, unmyelinated, slow conducting (burning or aching pain) SECOND PAIN |
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Transmission |
Carriage of the nerve impulse through the peripheral nervous system, toward CNS |
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Peripheral nervous system |
Transmits both sensory and motor nerve impulses |
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Which nerve fibers transmit where |
AFFERENT nerve fibers transmit SENSORY impulses toward the dorsal horn of s.c. EFFERENT nerve fibers transmit MOTOR impulses away from ventral horn of s.c. |
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Modulation |
Occurs within dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Signal may be increased or decreased (that's the modulation part) |
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Projection |
Signal is sent (projected) via spinal tracts to the cerebral cortex (by way of thalamus) |
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Perception |
Integration, processing and recognition of nerve signals in the brain |
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Peripheral sensitisation |
Reduces pain threshold/ increases responsiveness of peripheral ends of nociceptors. Results in hypersensitivity at site of damage/ inflammation (warm shower + sunburn) |
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Central sensitisation |
Spinal cord has a hard time sorting/ filtering too many incoming signals at once. Results in "wind up" phenomenon. Heightened sensitivity that causes altered pain thresholds. Worsening of pain and pain in non painful areas. |
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Somatic pain |
Originates from the body (skin, bone, muscle, tendons and other tissues) |
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Visceral pain |
Originates from the internal organs (heart, lungs, reproductive organs) |
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Neuropathic pain |
Originates from nerves, spinal cord and brain because of abnormal processing of nervous activity |
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Organ systems most affected |
Respiratory (RR monitored) Cardiovascular (HR, RR) Nervous (reflexes) Muscular (jaw tone) Hepatic (PABT) Renal (PABT + recovery) |
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Autoclave heat + time |
121Β°C for 15 minutes |
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Physiological signs of pain |
HR increased RR increased Respiratory effort increased Temp altered BP increased Pupil dilation |
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Crystalloids |
Most frequently used. Used for rehydration, maintenance fluid and treatment of shock. Readily pass through cell membrane, do not stay in vascular system long |
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Colloids |
Larger molecules which do not readily leave vascular space. Remains in circulation longer. Draw fluid into vascular space to help increase blood volume |
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"Hands on" monitoring techniques |
HR RR MM CRT Jaw tone, eye position, palpebral reflex *also pupil size, light reflex |
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Behavioural signs of pain |
Anorexia Not sleeping Vocalisation Restlessness Hiding Guarding painful areas Reluctant to move |
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What does the ultrasonic Doppler record? |
Systolic blood pressure |
