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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What molecule is a polar solvent and tends to interact better with polar molecules
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WATER
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What 2 properties make amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleotides soluble in water but not in “lipid” solvents
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1. are highly polar
2. ionized |
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hydrophilic
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soluble in polar (water) solvents
insoluable in non polar (lipid)solvents |
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lipophobic
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insoluable in water
soluble in non-polar solvents |
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Amphipathic molecules
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contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions in their structures.
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Examples of amphipathic biomolecules
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pulmonary surfactants, bile acids and phospholipids
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How does soap function as an amphipathic substance in industry
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* Detergent action
– the nonpolar R groups in the soaps bind to lipids in the skin or clothing, the ionized carboxyl group can pull this bound lipid into the water phase |
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Why and how a detergent can kill germs?
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Lyses the cell membrane and destroys the lipid bi-layer;
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Why bleach and alcohol can kill bacteria and viruses?
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Alcohol is amphipathic.
Bleach contains free radicals which kill micro-organisms |
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Structure
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phospho-lipid
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Structural confirmation and function of biological membranes:
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a.Non-covalent assemblies of proteins, lipids, with carbohydrates in a sheet-like structure
b. function as transporters, channels, enzymes, & signal transducers |
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Oligosaccharide chains are attached at outer face of lipids or proteins. What is their purpose?
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Energy transport and cell membrane operation
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The plasma membrane core contain what percentage of cholesterol, phospholipids and sphingolipids.
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1/3 cholesterol
2/3 phospholipids / sphingolipids |
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The outer leaflet contains glycolipids in what percentage.
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5% glycolipids
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Sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine are mainly where in the bilayer?
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the outer face
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Where are Phosphotidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine found?
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the inner face of the membrane
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Name 2 membrane glycolipids
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cerebrosides and gangliosides
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TRUE OR FALSE
Membrane lipids spontaneously form bilayers? |
TRUE
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What molecules make up the highly polar head of the phosolipid molecule?
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phosphate, choline, and serine groups of the phosophoglycerides
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What promotes lipid bilayer from a gel (crystalline) state to fluid state?
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HEAT
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What factors affect the fluidity of membrane?
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Anesthetics
Alcohol Cholesterol content Degree of saturation Heat |
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Amphipathic lipids making up the cell membrane are stabilized by what?
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hydrophobic interactions
non-covalent bonds Van der Waals |
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Which is easier for membrane components? Lateral or vertical (flipping) movement and why?
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lateral
Flipping movement requires hydrophobic components to interact with the lipid area of the bilayer and a transporters (flippase) |
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Name the 2 main functions of the biological membrane.
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1. Permeability barrier
2. Solvent for membrane proteins |
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Functions of membrane lipids
as a permeability barrier? |
a. selectively permeable-keeps inside and outside seperate
b. maintains homeostatis c. creates compartments within cells |
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Functions of membrane lipids as a solvent for membrane proteins to perform other functions:
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(1)Regulate cell volume
(2)Maintain intracellular pH (3)Selectively regulate ionic composition (4)Concentrate metabolic fuel |
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An example of how membranes selectively regulate ionic composition.
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Sodium-potassium pump
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An example of how membranes concentrate metabolic fuel.
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Glucose by glucose transporters
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Cellular fraction of the blood
1. components 2. what percentage of blood volume |
a. Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC) Thrombocytes (platelets) b. 40 - 45% |
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Noncellular fraction of the blood
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Plasma & serum
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Major components of plasma
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Water
Protein Other |
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Which cell makes up most of the cellular fractions cell mass
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RBC
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2 categories of Leukocytes
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Granulocytes
Agranulocytes |
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Types of Granulocytes (PMN's)
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Neutrophil
Basophil Eosinophil |
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Types of Agranulocytes
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Lymphocyte
Monocyte |
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Fragments of megakaryocytes
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Thrombocytes/Platelets
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Serum
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the overlying extracellular fluid in blood after clot formation
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Plasma
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In vitro- the overlying extracellular fluid portion when an appropriate anticoagulant is added to blood
In vivo – extracellular fluid in the blood |
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The chemical components present in the plasma, but not serum, are:
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(1)Fibrin precursor (fibrinogen)
(2)Added anticoagulant (3)Unused expendable clotting factors |
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Major components of plasma
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a.Water (about 93%)
b.Proteins (7% ) [albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen] c.Smaller m.w. materials (> 0.1%) [Anabolic constituents, Catabolic products, Electrolytes, hormones, vitamins, and other] |
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Why are lipids not counted in the plasma concentration?
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Lipids are dissolved into blood concentration but not counted in the plasma concentration bc metabolized and incorporated into globulins by lipoprotein.
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Majority of serum protein is produced by what organ?
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Liver
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Reasons for decreased cellular fraction
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-Increased destruction
-Non-replacement of cells |
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Reasons for increased cellular fraction
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- increased cells numbers
- decreased serum/plasma concentration |
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Agitation has more or less effect on WBC verses RBC? Why?
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-less
-Wbc cytoskeletons are more flexible and can take more pressure/agitation than rbc |
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Explain how the degree of saturation affects membrane fluidity?
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Cholesteral is composed of long chains of carbon and R groups such as oxygen and hydrogen. If a molecule is fully saturated it has all single bonds between the carbon and R groups. These bonds have very limited flexibility. Double or triple bonds present express degrees of unsaturation and allow for rotation around the bond. Bond rotation increases fluidity.
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