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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what type of brain waves is wakefulness categorised by? |
alpha waves. |
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describe stage 1 NREM sleep. |
Alpha activity. mixed frequencies. there is only one possible vertex sharp wave. |
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what appears in Stage 2 NREM sleep? |
there is sleep spindles and k complexes (you have to see a couple) |
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what brain waves appear in stage 3 NREM sleep? |
Mostly Theta waves. they have a high amplitude and low frequency. slow wave sleep. dreams can occur. |
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what brain waves appear in stage 4 NREM sleep? |
mostly delta waves. high amplitude and low frequency. sleep spindles may be present. also slow wave sleep. dreams can occur. |
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describe REM sleep. |
rapid eye movements occur. presence of theta activity. vivid and emotional dreams. signs of sexual arousal. |
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describe the structure of sleep for the elderly. |
they have hardly any REM. Mostly stage 1 and 2 NREM. very light sleep. |
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how long does a circadian rhythm last for? |
24 hours. |
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what can set the circadian rhythm? |
light is an external cue that can set the circadian rhythm |
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what brain structure contains a biological clock that governs some circadian rhythms and where does it receive input from? |
the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN). it receives input from melanopsin which contains ganglion cells from the retina and from the lateral geniculate thalamic nucleus. |
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In regards to Suprachiasmatic Nucleus clock cells what was the hypothesis that was proposed? |
that the clock cells produced a protein that upon reaching a critical level, inhibited its own production. |
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what is narcolepsy and what are some of the symptoms? |
it is a chronic condition characterised by overwhelming sleepiness and sleep attacks.
symptoms include; -excessive daytime sleepiness/sleep attacks -cataplexy; loss of skeletal muscle tone in response to strong emotion. -hyponogogic hallucinations; hallucinations at the onset of sleep. -sleep paralysis; wake up paralysed. |
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what is present during the diagnosis of narcolepsy? |
-abnormal immune functioning/ orexin levels. -short sleep onset, short REM latency and increased wake -REM at sleep onset in most naps. |
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what is sleep apnea? |
It is a common condition characterised by pauses in breathing during sleep, however, patients can breathe adequately during wakefulness. Most likely to occur during REM sleep. |
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what are parasominas? |
unpleasant/ undesirable behaviours or experiental phenomena that occur during the sleep period. |
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what do arousal disorders occur in association with? |
arousal from slow wave sleep (stage 3 & 4 NREM). |
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what is delayed sleep phase syndrome? |
it is a circadian rhythm disorder characterised by normal sleep that occurs on a delayed schedule. it is a prominent feature of adolescence. |
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what are three components of behavioural response patterns in terms of emotions? |
1. Motor 2. Autonomic 3. Hormonal |
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describe the sympathetic nervous system. |
associated with energy expenditure. it derives from the thoracic and lumbar levels of the spinal cord. |
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describe the parasympathetic nervous system. |
associated with energy conservation. it derives from the cranial and sacral levels of the spinal cord. |
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in terms of the three components of an emotional response what is the amygdala involved in? |
the three components are controlled by separate neural systems, however, they are all integrated by the amygdala. |
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describe the result of lesions to the central nucleus of the amygdala. |
lesions of the central nucleus result in; -reduced fear responses to threat stimuli -reduced chance of developing ulcers -reduced levels of stress hormones. |
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what is the central nucleus of the amygdala particularly important for? |
it is important for aversive emotional learning (learning to be afraid of something). |
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what are inputs from the amygdala and hypothalamus integrated by? |
the Periaqueductal Grey Matter (PAG). Dorsal PAG is associated with defensive rage. Ventral PAG is associated with predation. |
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what does damage to the Ventromedial prefrontal cortex result in (VMPFC)? |
it reduces inhibitions and self-concern, you become indifferent to consequences of actions and pain no longer produces an emotional response. |
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how does a prefrontal lobotomy effect a person's emotional capacity? |
it can result in the person having little capacity for any emotional experiences - pleasurable or otherwise. |
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what was Darwin's theory about emotional expressions? |
emotions involve innate patterns of muscle contraction often of the facial muscles. - emotional expressions are innate. |
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are all muscles of the face responsible for emotional expressions under voluntary control? |
No they are not and this is indicative by volitional facial paresis (can't intentionally show emotion) and emotional facial paresis (when the emotion is actually felt, the emotion is expressed). |
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describe hemispheric specialisation in terms of recognition of emotion. |
the right hemisphere is specialised for emotional expression and left is specialised for the meaning of emotion. |
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does the amygdala play a larger role than just emotional responses? |
yes, it also plays a role in the recognition of of emotions, particularly the recognition of fear. |
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name the two pathways for visual input into the Amygdala. |
1. Magnocellular system. 2. Parvocellular system. |
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what is the role of Gaze direction cells? |
they are involved in recognising the direction of gaze. found in the the superior temporal sulcus. |
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what is the common sense theory of emotion? |
an emotion provoking stimulus produces the feeling of an emotion, and then this produces physiological changes and behaviour. |
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what is James-Lange theory of emotion? |
Behaviours and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations and that feelings of emotions are produced by feedback from these behaviours of responses. |
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what is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion? |
the initial component is a cognitive appraisal of the situation, which then simultaneously leads to the emotional feeling, visceral changes and appropriate behaviour. |
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what is the facial feedback hypothesis? |
When participants are asked to display different emotional expressions, these produced different changes in autonomic NS activity which correspond to the emotion being expressed. |