• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/263

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

263 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Mathematics

Mathematics

Describe the result of adding a large positive number & a smaller negative number.

The result is a smaller positive number, & is the same as ignoring the signs & subtracting the smaller number from the larger.

How do you convert a fraction into a decimal?

Divide the top number (numerator) by the bottom number (denominator).

What is the key step that must be performed in order to add or subtract unlike fractions?

You must find the lowest (least) common denominator.

How do you divide one fraction by another?

You invert the divisor and multiply the numerators together & the denominators together.

How can you convert a decimal into a percent?

(1) multiply the decimal by 100 & add the percent sign. (2) move the decimal point two places to the right & add the percent sign.

How do you convert a fraction into a percent?

Convert it to a decimal, move the decimal point two places to the right and add the percent sign.

How do you change a decimal into the nearest equivalent fraction?

Multiply the decimal by the desired denominator. The result becomes the numerator in the fraction.

What are the two different ways that a ratio may be expressed?

(1) as a fraction. (2) by placing a colon (:) between the two numbers. (3) by using the word "to" between the two numbers.

What is a proportion?

A statement of equality between two or more ratios.

What is meant by the root of a number?

A root is two or more equal smaller numbers that, when multiplied together, equal the specified number.

How do you find the square of a number? Give an example.

Multiply the number by itself. examples: 4 x 4 = 16, 7 x 7 = 49

what is a common method of making computations involving very large or very small numbers more manageable?

Convert the numbers into scientific notation by using powers of 10.

How is 100,000 expressed as a power of 10?

10^5 (10 to the 5th power)

What formula is used to find the area of a rectangle and of a triangle?

For a rectangle, A = L x W, for a triangle, A = 1/2 (B x H)

Define Pi (π).

Pi is a constant that expresses the relationship between the circumference of a circle and its diameter and is approximately equal to 3.1416.

Describe a trapezoid.

A trapezoid is a closed, four sided figure having two parallel sides and two sides that are not parallel.

What is the formula for computing the area of a circle?

A = π r^2

Physics

Physics

Define matter.

Any substance that occupies space & has mass.

Matter may exist in what three states?

Solid, liquid, and gas

Define kinetic energy.

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

Work is the product of what two factors?

Force and the distance moved.

What are the parts of a lever?

A rigid bar & a pivot point called the fulcrum.

A wheelbarrow is an example of what class of lever?

A second-class lever.

Are all three states of matter affected by thermal expansion and if so, which states is affected most?

All three states are affected, with gases being affected the most.

What is a British Thermal Unit?

The amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.

Name the three methods of heat transfer?

Conduction, convection & radiation.

What term defines the temperature at which all molecular motion ceases?

Absolute zero.

Can liquids be compressed?

No, liquids are generally considered incompressible.

What are the customary units used to express hydraulic or pneumatic pressure in the United States?

Pounds per square inch.

Describe how pressure is transmitted when a force is applied to a confined liquid.

Pressure is transmitted equally in all directions.

What formula expresses the relationship between force, pressure and area?

Force equals area times pressure.

What is the approximate speed of sound at sea level on a standard day?

661 knots or 340 meters per second.

What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level on a standard day?

29.92 inches of Mercury or 1013.2 millibars.

On a standard day at sea level, what is the value for temperature?

59 degree F or 15 degree C.

What are the factors that determine density altitude?

Temperature & atmospheric pressure.

What is the term used to describe the ratio between the amount of moisture actually present in the atmosphere as compared to the amount the air could hold if it were completely saturated?

Relative humidity.

What are the four principle forces acting on an airplane in flight?

Lift, drag, thrust & gravity.

What is the term that describes the angle between the relative wind & the cord line of an airfoil?

The angle of attack.

What are the factors that cause an airplane wing to stall?

Stall is caused when the angle of attack exceeds a critical value & the airflow separates from the upper surface & becomes turbulent.

What are the principle effects that result from lowering the flaps while in flight?

Lift increases, drag increases & stall speed decreases.

What is the function of a wing mounted vortex generator?

Vortex generators delay or keep the airflow from separating from the upper surface of a wing during high speed flight.

How does blade-flapping help to compensate for dissymmetry of lift in helicopter main rotor systems?

Flapping increases the angle of attack and lift on the retreating blade & decrease the angle of attack & lift on the advancing blade.

How does the airflow through the main rotor of a helicopter change during the transition from normal flight to autorotation?

During normal flight the air moves downward & during autorotation the air moves upward.

What is friction?

The opposition to relative motion between two objects in contact with each other.

Basic Electricity

Basic Electricity

One kilowatt is equal to how many watts?

1,000 watts

What law describes the most fundamental or basic relationships in an electrical circuit?

Ohm's law

What are the three elements of Ohm's law?

Voltage, current & resistance.

How would you write Ohm's law as an equation?

E = I x R, R= E ÷ I, I = E ÷ R.

If the resistance in a DC circuit remains the same but the voltage doubles, what happens to the amount of current flowing in the circuit?

It also doubles.

In DC circuits, what unit measures power?

Watts

What three elements are required to form an electrical circuit?

A source of electrical energy, a load or resistance to use the electricity, & wires or conductors to connect the source to the load.

DC circuits can take one of the three forms or types. What are they?

Series, parallel & complex (or series-parallel).

A 24-volt lead-acid battery has how many cells?

Twelve.

A fully charged lead-acid battery has a specific gravity that varies between what two values?

1.275 & 1.300.

You must apply a correction to the specific gravity reading of the electrolyte of a lead-acid battery when the temperature is outside of what two values?

Whenever the temperature is less than 70 degree F or more than 90 degree F.

What is the reason for having separate facilities for sorting and servicing nickle-cadmium & lead-acid batteries?

The electrolyte in the two types of batteries is chemically opposite & the fumes from one type can contaminate the electrolyte of the other type.

The state of charge of a nickle-cadmium battery cannot be determined by measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte for what reason?

There is no significant change in the specific gravity of the electrolyte as the battery is charged or discharged.

What is the principal advantage of AC current over DC current?

Power can be transmitted over long distances more efficiently & with smaller wires because the voltage can be easily increased or decreased by a transformer.

What are the three causes of opposition to current flow in an AC circuit?

Resistance, inductive reactance & capacitive reactance.

Define inductance.

An induced voltage which is opposite in direction to the applied voltage.

What component creates capacitance in AC circuits?

A capacitor.

How does a capacitor store electricity?

The energy is stored in the form of an electrostatic charge or field that exists between two conductors separated by an insulator.

What property of an AC circuit is defined by the term "impedance"?

The total opposition to current flow.

What are two reasons that might cause a nickle-cadmium battery to fail to deliver its rated capacity?

Faulty cells or cell imbalance.

What Electrical values are measured by a typical multimeter?

Voltage, current & resistance.

AIRCRAFT DRAWINGS

AIRCRAFT DRAWINGS

How many views are required to represent the important detail of most aircraft parts?

One, two, or three views are usually enough.

What kind of parts can be represented by one-view drawings?

Parts with uniform thickness such as shims, plates & gaskets.

What is the name for a part of a drawing used to bring out important details & how is it drawn?

A detailed view, which is usually drawn to a larger scale than the main drawing.

What is the purpose of schematic diagrams?

They are primarily used for troubleshooting systems.

Describe an orthographic projection.

It is a way of drawing an object using different views at right angles to each other, such as a top, front, & side view.

Why do manufacturers use symbols on aircraft drawings?

Symbols are a form of shorthand & are used to convey the characteristics of a component with a minimum of drawing.

Describe the appearance of lines used to show hidden views, alternate positions & the middle of symmetrical objects, & give their proper name.

Hidden views are shown with hidden lines, which are short, evenly spaced dashes. Alternate positions are shown with phantom lines made up of light, alternating long dashes & two short dashes. Center lines, consisting of alternating long & short dashes, show the middle of symmetrical objects.

How can you determine if a drawing has been changed?

A record of the changes is listed either in a revision block or in ruled columns, which may be in a corner of the drawing or next to the title block.

How are dimensions shown on aircraft drawings, & what is their purpose?

Dimension lines are usually solid & generally broken at the midpoint for insertion of the measurement. They provide a means to accurately represent the size of an object.

What is the difference between an "allowance" & a "tolerance"?

An allowance is the difference between the nominal dimension & the maximum & minimum permissible sizes. The tolerance is the difference between the extreme permissible dimensions, which may be found by adding the plus & minus allowances.

What is meant by "clearance" when used on aircraft drawings?

An allowable dimension between two parts.

What kinds of information about an aircraft drawing can be found in the title block?

The part or assembly name, drawing size, scale, date, company name, name or initials of the people responsible for creating or approving the drawing.

What information is contained in a "bill of materials"?

A list of the materials & parts needed to fabricate or assemble the component or system shown in the drawing.

Weight and Balance

Weight and Balance

If an aircraft is loaded so that the aft C.G. limit is exceeded, what undesirable flight characteristic is likely to result?

The aircraft will be tail-heavy & may be unable to recover from a stall or spin.

If all the records for an aircraft are missing, how would you determine the empty weight & empty weight C.G.?

The aircraft would have to be weighed, & new weight & balance records would have to be prepared.

Define "tare weight" & describe how it is handled when weighing an aircraft.

Tare weight is the weight of anything on the scales that is not part of the aircraft. It must be subtracted from the scale weight reading to determine the net weight of the airplane.

If a piece of equipment such as a radio is added to an aircraft, how can you determine the effect on weight & balance without re-weighing the aircraft?

If the weight & balance records are up to date, a new weight & C.G. location can be determined by computation.

Why is control of the weight & balance of an aircraft important?

To provide maximum safety.

What is the datum of an aircraft & what is its function?

The datum is an imaginary vertical plane at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the airplane. It is the reference point from which all horizontal measurements are taken.

How do you determine the moment of an item of equipment?

The weight of an item is multiplied by its arm, which is the distance between the item & the datum.

What are two ways of determining the arm of an item of equipment?

Measure the distance between the item & the datum, or use data supplied by the manufacturer.

What should be done to obtain a positive (plus) moment aft of the datum?

Add weight.

What should be done to obtain a negative (minus) moment aft of the datum?

Remove weight.

What should be done to obtain a negative (minus) moment forward of the datum?

Add weight.

How does the category of an aircraft affect its loaded weight?

Aircraft certificated in more than one category, such as Normal & Aerobatic, may have two different maximum gross weights & different useful loads.

As you prepare an aircraft for weighing, you determine that there is equipment abroad that is not permanently installed & recorded on the equipment list. What should you do with this equipment?

All equipment not permanently installed in the aircraft or included on the equipment list should be removed from the aircraft.

Define the term "residual fuel."

Any fuel that remains in the tanks, lines, & engines, after the system has been drained.

Define the term "residual oil."

Any oil that remains in the tanks, lines, & engines, after the system has been drained.

How should you account for fuel when weighing an aircraft to determine weight & balance?

Either drain the fuel system until only unusable fuel remains, or fill the tanks full & subtract out the weight of the useable fuel.

Where are leveling instructions found, & describe one method of leveling an aircraft?

Leveling instructions are found in the Type Certificate Data Sheets. An aircraft may be leveled by using a spirit level at specified points, or an aircraft may be leveled by using a plumb bob from a designated point along with a leveling scale or protractor.

Define the term "Mean Aerodynamic Chord" or MAC.

Mean Aerodynamic Chord is the cord drawn through the center of the wing plan area.

Describe the two most common ways of showing the C.G. location and/or C.G. range.

In inches from the datum or in percent of MAC.

What is the purpose of an aircraft loading graph?

It is a method for determining how to distribute the load so as to keep the C.G. within allowable limits.

What is ballast, & why would you use it in an airplane?

Ballast is weight added to an airplane to bring its C.G. into the allowable or desired range.

Installation of several new radios in the nose of an aircraft causes the forward C.G. limit to be exceeded. How can you correct this problem without removing the new equipment?

Ballast may be installed in the tail to move the C.G. aft.

How does the C.G. range of a helicopter compare to that of a fixed-wing airplane?

Helicopters typically have a much smaller C.G. range.

Aircraft Structural Materials

Aircraft Structural Materials

How do you work harden a piece of metal?

By cold working the metal.

Describe the primary difference between a thermosetting & a thermoplastic resin.

A thermosetting resin doesn't soften when heated & chars or burns rather than melting. thermoplastic resins become soft & pliable when heated, & harden when cooled.

Explain how thermoplastic & thermosetting resins are commonly used in modern aircraft.

Plexiglass is a thermoplastic & thermosetting resins are commonly used for windshields & windows. Thermosetting resins are most often used as the matrix material in composite structures.

Name one of the types of resin commonly used as a matrix material for aircraft composite laminates.

Polyester resin or Epoxy resin.

What are some of the materials that are commonly used as the reinforcing components in a composite structure?

Fiberglass, Aramid (Kevlar), Graphite (Carbon) fiber, linen & paper.

What are the reasons that alloy steel that is responsive to heat treatment is usually less suitable for welding?

It may become brittle & lose its ductility in the area of the weld.

Give one advantage of pre-preg (pre-impregnated) materials, other than saving time in the construction or repair of composite components.

(1) Pre-preg fabrics contain the correct amount of matrix. (2) The matrix material evenly & completely permeates the reinforcing fibers. (3) The matrix has the resin & hardener in the correct proportions.

Aircraft Hardware

Aircraft Hardware

What is indicated by the markings on the heads of solid shank rivets?

The material that they are made of, & indirectly, their strength.

How can you keep heat treated aluminum alloy rivets soft enough to install after the quenching process?

If the rivets are stored in a freezer they will remain soft for several days.

What is the grip length of a bolt?

The length of the unthreated portion.

In what way are AN standard steel bolts identified?

By the code markings on the bolt heads.

What is the difference between a close tolerance bolt & a general purpose bolt?

Close tolerance bolts are machines to more accurate dimensions.

For what types of applications are self-locking nuts not allowed?

Self locking nuts may not be used when either the bolt or the nut is subject to rotation.

If the maintenance procedures do not specify a torque value for a bolt or nut, how can you determine the proper values?

Consult a standard torque table such as found in AC 43.13-1B.

What is the most commonly used type of aircraft control cable?

Extra flexible 7 x 19 stainless steel cable.

Hand Tools and Measuring Devices

Hand Tools and Measuring Devices

What type of precision measuring instruments can be used to measure the outside dimensions of aircraft parts?

Outside micrometers & venier calipers.

For what reasons should a micrometer be periodically calibrated?

If dropped, its accuracy may be affected, OR if the spindle is over-tightened, the frame may be sprung, OR Continually sliding objects between the anvil & the spindle may wear the surfaces.

Fluids Lines and Fittings

Fluid Lines and Fittings

What are the two types of fluid lines commonly found in aircraft?

Rigid metal lines & flexible hoses.

Describe the method of classifying metal tube according to size.

Metal tubing is sized according to wall thickness & outside diameter. Outside diameter is measured in 1/16th inch increments.

When installing stainless steel tubing, what type of fittings should be used?

Stainless steel fittings.

What is the function of the sleeve on a flared-tube fitting?

The nut fits over the sleeve & draws the sleeve & the tubing flare tightly against the male fitting to form the seal.

Describe the two types of flares commonly used on aircraft tubing.

The single flare & the double flare.

How can you determine if a fitting is an AN type rather than an AC type?

AN fittings have a shoulder between the flare cone & at the end of the threads, AC fittings do not.

What are the most significant differences between AN & AC fittings?

Sleeve length, thread pitch, & the shoulder between the threads & the flare cone on AN fittings.

What are the names of the parts of a flareless tube fitting?

The nut & the ferrule or sleeve.

How do you tell a flareless fitting from a flare-type fitting?

Flareless fittings don't have a flare cone & there is no space between the threads & the end of the fitting.

What is the effect of over-tightening a flare type fitting?

The sealing surface may be damaged or the flare cut off.

In addition to being securely clamped, what is an additional requirement for installing metal fuel, oil & hydraulic lines?

The lines must be electrically bonded to the structure.

What are some of the important advantages of Teflon tubing?

It is compatible with nearly every liquid, has a broad operating temperature range, low resistance to fluid flow & has a very long shelf & service life.

Describe the identification markings commonly found on flexible hoses.

A lay line, identification such as a Mil Spec number, the manufacturer's name or symbol, the hose size & a date code.

How can you determine if a flexible hose has been correctly or incorrectly installed?

The lay line will be straight if the hose is properly installed. A twisted lay line indicates an incorrect installation.

How are the flexible hose sizes designated?

By the inside diameter, measured in 1/16th inch increments.

What precautions must be observed when deburring the end of a tube after it is cut?

The wall thickness must not be reduced in size or fractured.

Describe the operation of quick disconnect couplings.

Each half has a valve that is held open when coupled and is spring-loaded closed when disconnected.

If you fabricate a replacement for a flexible hose, what percentage of the total length must be added to allow for movement under pressure?

5 to 8 percent.

What happens to the tube when a flareless fitting is overtightened?

The tube is weakened when the nut drives the cutting edge of the sleeve too deeply into the tube.

Why are quick disconnect fittings used?

To provide a quick means to connect or disconnect a fluid line without loss of fluid or entrance of air into the system.

Nondestructive Testing

Nondestructive Testing

Describe the steps involved in a dye penetrant inspection.

The surface is cleaned, & then penetrant is applied & allowed to dwell for a specified time. The penetrant is then removed with an emulsifier or cleaner. Once removed, the part is dried & then developer is applied. The results are then inspected & interpreted.

Name some tools that are commonly used to assist in making visual inspections of welds.

A magnifying glass, flashlight, mirror &, possibly, a borescope.

What are some of the non-destructive testing methods that may be used on aluminum parts?

Visual, dye penetrant, eddy current, ultrasonic testing & radiography.

What process occurs during the penetration stage of a dye penetrant inspection when the penetrating liquid is applied, & then removed from a cracked part?

The penetrant enters the crack by capillary action & remains there until made visible by the developer.

A correctly made butt weld will have what bead width & how much penetration?

The bead width should be 3 to 5 times the thickness of the base metal & there must be 100% penetration.

What telltale characteristics are evidence of a cold weld?

A cold weld has rough, irregular edges that are not feathered into the base metal & has variations in penetration amounts.

The penetration of a fillet weld should be what percentage of the thickness of the base metal?

25 to 50 percent.

Describe the basic steps for conducting a magnetic particle inspections.

Magnetize the part, then coat the surface with ferromagnetic particles. If a defect or discontinuity is present, the particles align with the discontinuity forming a visible pattern.

Cleaning and Corrosion

Cleaning and Corrosion

Is there any requirement for cleaning an aircraft prior to an annual or 100 hour inspection?

It is not only good, common sense, but it is a legal requirement as specified in FAR part 43. Appendix D.

Discuss the general precautions that should be observed when washing an airplane.

Avoid or protect areas, which may be damaged or contaminated, such as: Pitot & static ports, hinges, sealed areas, & bearings.

What are some of the more common light-duty cleaning agents?

Soap or detergents & water.

What materials are commonly used as heavy duty cleaners?

Solvents & emulsions.

What are preferred cleaners for plastic surfaces such as windshields?

Mild soap & water or a manufacturer approved cleaner.

What type of cleaning agents should be used to remove grease, oil or fuel from aircraft tires?

Soap and water

Give at least three examples of the factors that cause or influence corrosion.

(1) The environmental conditions. (2) The presence of dissimilar metals. (3) The type of metal. (4) The presence of electrolytes and/or contaminants. (5) The condition of protective coatings.

Name at least three forms of corrosion.

(1) surface. (2) intergranular. (3) Filliform. (4) Dissimilar metal (or galvanic). (5) Oxidation. (6) Pitting. (7) Stress. (8) Fretting.

Name at least one cause of filliform corrosion.

(1) Improper or incomplete curing of a wash primer prior to painting. (2) Failure to completely wash off acidic-surface contamination.

What are the visible signs of filliform corrosion?

Blistered paint surfaces or worm or thread-like tracks or patterns under the paint.

What are the two primary factors that may cause development of stress corrosion cracks?

A corrosive environment & sustained tensile stress.

What are the visible signs of fretting corrosion?

The corrosion residue has a dark, smoky appearance & often appears around & streaming back from rivet heads.

Why are piano-type hinges prime spots for corrosion?

The steel pin & aluminum hinge material are dissimilar metals & the hinge design tends to trap moisture & contaminants.

What is the best way to protect piano hinges from corrosion?

Keep them clean and properly lubricated.

Provide at least four examples of procedures used to prevent corrosion.

(1) Cleaning (2) Lubrication (3) Treatment (4) Sealing (5) Inspection (6) Installing protective covers (7) Keeping drain holes free & clear.

Describe the tools that should be used to remove corrosion from anodized aluminum surfaces.

Nylon scrubber pads such as Scotch-Brite, bristle brushes, aluminum wool or aluminum wire brushes.

Describe the effects of using steel brushes or steel wool to remove corrosion from aluminum surfaces.

Steel brushes or steel wool must not be used to clean aluminum because steel particles can become embedded in the aluminum & cause corrosion.

What is the purpose of Alodine?

Alodine is a chemical process that deposits a protective film on aluminum alloys. This film improves corrosion resistance & paint adhesion.

For what reason should you avoid cleaning anodized aluminum surfaces with aluminum metal polish?

It will remove the anodized protective coating.

Why should aircraft fabrics & plastics be cleaned only with recommended cleaners?

Recommended cleaners cause the least amount of deterioration or damage.

List at least five examples of areas in an aircraft that are prone to corrosion.

(1) Battery compartments (2) Exhaust trail areas (3) Bilge areas (4) Vent areas (5) Landing gear & wheel wells (6) Fuel tanks (7) Wing flap recesses (8) Around & below galleys & lavatories (9) Piano Hinges (10) Any area that can trap water

Ground Handling & Servicing

Ground Handling & Services

Name at least three possible hazards that may be encountered during typical ground operations, such as during engine run-up or taxiing?

The possibility of fire, especially during engine starting. Turning props, rotors, prop or jet blast & inlet areas. Other aircraft, vehicles, people & obstacles. Foreign objects such as rocks, gravel, rags, or loose hardware. High noise levels that might cause hearing damage. Hydraulic lock in radial engines. Weathervaning of tailwheel aircraft.

What is the most generally used knot for tying down small aircraft?

The bowline (although other anti-slip knots may be used).

Describe the precautions that should be taken to protect life & property while starting & running an aircraft engine.

Study the procedures in the Airplane Flight Manual. Be sure the propeller or inlet area is clear & check for loose stones, gravel, etc. that could be sucked into the prop or engine. Also ensure that the prop or jet blast doesn't blow into hangars or other airplanes, & have a fire guard nearby.

If an engine induction fire occurs while starting a reciprocating engine, what procedure should be followed to extinguish the fire?

Continue cranking the engine to start it & suck the fire into the engine. If the engine doesn't start & the fire continues to burn, discontinue the start attempt & extinguish the fire with suitable fire extinguisher.

What safety procedures must be observed when hand-propping a small aircraft engine?

Become thoroughly trained. have a qualified person in the cockpit, check the brakes, call "SWITCH OFF" before moving the prop, & make sure you have solid footing. When ready to start, call "CONTACT" & listen for reply. Swing the prop with the flat of your hand & move back from the prop arc.

What procedure should be followed prior to starting a large radial engine to detect and/or prevent a hydraulic lock in the cylinders?

Pull the propeller through by hand for three or four complete revolutions. resistance to the prop turning indicates a possible hydraulic lock in at least one of the cylinders.

What is the cause of hydraulic lock in large radial engines?

Oil seeps by the piston rings & accumulates in the combustion chamber of lower cylinders. When a piston comes up on its compression stroke, the incompressible liquid seizes it.

What is meant by the term "Hot Start" when starting a jet engine?

Ignition occurs with an excessively rich mixture, leading to a rapid temperature rise that can exceed the exhaust gas temperature limit.

When towing an aircraft, should you use the tow vehicle or aircraft brakes to stop the aircraft?

The tow vehicle brakes should be used except in an emergency- then the aircraft brakes maybe be used.

Why should an aircraft technician become familiar with standard light signals?

Light signals may be used when taxiing an airplane without a radio or when a radio becomes inoperative on a tower controlled airport.

If a mixture of aviation gasoline & jet fuel is used in a reciprocating aircraft engine, what are the possible results?

Avgas contaminated by jet fuel must not be used in piston engines - the engine may be damaged or destroyed.

What does the number 100 signify in 100LL aviation gasoline?

It refers to the lean mixture performance number (or octane rating) of the fuel

Is it permissible to use avgas in a turbine engine?

Limited operation may be allowed by the manufacturer. Continued use may reduce efficiency due to lead deposits on the turbine blades.

What are some of the possible outcomes of using a lower grade of avgas than the specified grade?

An increased chance of engine damage due to detonation, loss of engine power, & an increased probability of overheating.

Part 23.973 of the FAA regulations specifies that certain markings must be placed adjacent to fuel filter openings. What markings are used for reciprocating engine-powered airplanes?

The filler openings must be marked with the fuel grade & the word "AVGAS."

Describe the important precautions that should be observed when fueling an aircraft.

Be certain you are using the correct fuel, properly ground the refueling unit, & protect the aircraft surfaces from hose & nozzle damage.

The marking requirements for oil tank filler openings are specified by FAR 23.1157. What markings are required for a piston engine powered airplane?

The word "OIL" & the permissible grades and/or types or a reference to the appropriate Airplane Flight Manual for permissible grades and/or types.

Where can the standard aircraft taxi hand signals be found?

In the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM).

Under what conditions should a reciprocating engine be pre-oiled?

Prior to starting a new engine or one that has been preserved for storage. This ensures adequate lubrication on initial startup.

Under what conditions may automobile gasoline be used in an aircraft engine?

Only if approved by the FAA, usually by the issuance of a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC)

What are the indications of water in aircraft fuel after draining a sample from the fuel sumps?

The sample may have a cloudy or hazy appearance or a solid slug of water.

Maintenance Publications, Forms, and Records

Maintenance Publications, Forms, and Records

What federal aviation regulation prescribes the requirements for issuance of a type certificate?

FAR (14 CFR) Part 21.

What part of the FARs describes the airworthiness standards for Transport Category airplanes?

FAR part 25.

What part of the FARs describes the performance characteristics that a small aircraft must demonstrate in order to be airworthy?

FAR Part 23.

Who is responsible for ensuring that only the most current information is used when performing maintenance on an aircraft?

The person performing the maintenance.

Why are Airworthiness Directives issued?

To correct unsafe conditions found in aircraft, engines, propellers, or appliances.

How does the FAA notify aircraft owners of unsafe conditions that must be corrected?

By issuing Airworthiness Directives.

How do you determine the timeframe within which AD compliance is required?

The AD contains the compliance time or period for completing the corrective action.

If a mechanic wishes to develop a checklist for an annual or 100-hour inspection, what publication contains the guidelines for the required inspection items?

FAR part 43, Appendix D contains the scope & detail of an inspection checklist.

How can you determine if the repair of damage is a major or minor repair?

FAR part 43, Appendix A defines major & minor repairs as well as preventive maintenance.

What publication might you consult for guidance when maintaining an old aircraft for which no maintenance manual exists?

AC 43.13-1B or its latest revision.

What are Advisory Circulars?

Non-regulatory information of interest to the aviation public.

What publications would you consult to determine an aircraft's (or engine's or propeller's) type design & its limitations?

The Type Certificate Data Sheets and/or Aircraft Specifications.

In what FAA publication could you find a list of engines approved for use in a specific make & model of airplane?

In the Type Certificate Data Sheets and/or Aircraft Specifications.

What reference material can be used to determine if an aircraft is certificated in more than one category?

The Type Certificate Data Sheets and/or Aircraft Specifications.

What is the name of the manual that the manufacturer provides to technicians who normally perform work on the systems & components of an aircraft?

The aircraft maintenance manual.

Under what circumstances is compliance with a manufacturer's service bulletin mandatory?

When the service bulletin is incorporated into an AD (or approved data).

What kinds of publications are used by aircraft manufacturers to notify owners of design defects & product improvements?

Service Bulletins, Service Letters & Service Instructions.

If you need to determine the serviceable dimensional limits for an engine part, what publication would you consult?

The current engine manufacturer's overhaul manual.

How often is the summary of ADs published?

Every two years.

As a certificated mechanic, will you automatically receive all ADs?

No. ADs are automatically sent only to registered aircraft owners.

How are AD updates issued to subscribers to the Summary of Airworthiness Directives?

Through biweekly supplements.

Where do you find the minimum scope & detail requirements that a 100-hour inspection checklist must contain?

FAR part 43, Appendix D.

Records of a major alteration must be made in what two places?

The aircraft maintenance records & FAA Form 337.

When completion of FAA Form 337 is required, how many copies are normally prepared & what is their distribution?

Two signed copies. One is given to the aircraft owner & one is sent to the local FAA Flight Standards District Office within 48 hours of the approval or return to service.

When an aircraft is sold, what do the regulations require regarding the disposition of records that contain the current status of Airworthiness Directives?

The seller must transfer the records to the buyer at the time of sale.

For what period of time must an aircraft owner maintain the records of a 100-hour inspection?

Until the work is superseded or for one year after the inspection.

In what publication may a mechanic find an example of a maintenance record entry for a 100-hour inspection?

FAR Part 43.11

Where should a 100-hour inspection be recorded?

In the appropriate maintenance record for the airframe, powerplant, propeller or appliance.

What items must be entered into the aircraft records after maintenance is performed?

(1) A description of the work performed and/or reference to acceptable data. (2) The date the work was completed. (3) The signature, certificate number & the type of certificate of the person approving the aircraft for return to service.

What person makes the final maintenance record entry after a 100-hour inspection is completed?

The person approving the aircraft for return to service.

What documents must be prepared when a required inspection is performed & defects are found which render the aircraft or engine unairworthy?

The required maintenance entries must be made & a list of discrepancies & unairworthy items must be furnished to the owner.

What maintenance record entries are required to contain the aircraft total time in service?

Only records of inspections require the total time.

What regulation authorizes a certificated mechanic who holds an inspection Authorization to approve or disapprove a major repair or alteration?

FAR 65.95

Who has the authority to rebuild an aircraft engine & return the operating time to zero?

Only the engine manufacturer or an overhaul facility approved by the manufacturer.

Are there any circumstances when more than two copies of Form 337 are required, and if so, when?

Yes. Three copies are required when a fuel tank is installed in the passenger or baggage compartment. The third copy must be kept aboard the aircraft.

How do the regulations define "time-in-service" in regard to maintenance record entries?

With respect to maintenance entries, "time-in-service" begins when the aircraft leaves the surface of the earth until it touches it at the next point of landing.

What are the penalties for making fraudulent or intentionally false entries in any record or report?

The applicable airmen certificate(s) can be suspended or revoked.

What persons are authorized to make the required maintenance entry approving the return to service after a progressive inspection is performed at a location other than the aircraft's home base?

An applicable certificated mechanic. An appropriately rated repair station. The aircraft manufacturer.

What is the difference between the terms "overhaul" & "rebuilding" as they pertain to aircraft engine maintenance records?

"Overhauled" engines must be tested to approved or acceptable current standards & technical data. "Rebuilt" engines must be tested to the same tolerance & limits as a new engine.

When performing an inspection required by FAR Part 91, what rotorcraft systems must be inspected in accordance with the manufacturer's maintenance manual or instructions for continued airworthiness?

The drive shafts or similar systems. The main rotor transmission gearbox for obvious defects. The main rotor & center section. The auxiliary rotor on helicopters.

How can you determine that an aircraft part or appliance you receive is serviceable?

By an approval for return to service in the maintenance record for the part or appliance. With a completed Form 337.

Mechanic Privileges & Limitations

Mechanic Privileges & Limitations

What publication should a mechanic consult to determine if a repair is considered major or minor?

14 CFR (FAR), Part 43, Appendix A.

Where in the FARs will you find the certification requirements for mechanics?

FAR Part 65.

What are the ratings issued under a mechanic's certificate?

Airframe and Powerplant

What types of work may a certificated mechanic perform?

A mechanic may perform or supervise maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alterations.

Is a certificated airframe mechanic allowed to perform maintenance on engines?

Not unless they are supervised by a certificated powerplant mechanic.

What are the limitations to a mechanic's privileges with regard to propellers?

A mechanic may not perform or supervise major repairs to, or major alterations of, propellers.

Is a mechanic allowed to repair or alter an aircraft instrument?

No. Mechanics may not perform any repairs or alterations on instruments.

What are the requirements for recent experience in order to exercise the privileges of your mechanic's certificate or rating?

You must have worked as a mechanic or technically supervised other mechanics for at least 6 months out of the past 24 months.

What authority does a mechanic have regarding approval for return to service?

A mechanic may approve an aircraft, airframe, engine, propeller, or appliance for return to service in accordance with the provisions of FAR Part 65.

What are the privileges of an A & P mechanic regarding inspections?

A mechanic may perform & approve for return to service an airframe or engine following a 100-hour inspection.

What is the duration of a mechanic's certificate?

The certificate is valid until surrendered, suspended or revoked.

What are the privileges & limitations of an A & P mechanic regarding major repairs & alterations to airframes & engines, & their approval for return to service?

A & P mechanics may perform major repairs & alterations but may not approve them for return to service unless they hold an Inspection Authorization.

In addition to performing maintenance , what other privileges are granted to a powerplant mechanic?

A powerplant mechanic may perform a 100-hour inspection on an engine & approve the engine for return to service.

When may a mechanic perform an annual inspection & return the aircraft to service?

When the mechanic holds an Inspection Authorization.

May a mechanic supervise an inspection (or a portion of an inspection) & then approve the aircraft for return to service?

No. The mechanic approving the aircraft for return to service must actually perform the inspection.

What is the duration of a temporary airman's certificate?

120 days.

If a mechanic's certificate is revoked, how long must he/she wait before applying for a new certificate?

One year unless the revocation order states otherwise.

What should a mechanic do if his or her temporary certificate is about to expire?

Contact a local FAA office & seek assistance.

Is a person with a private pilot's certificate allowed to perform maintenance &, if so, what are his/her limitations?

A pilot may perform preventive maintenance in accordance with FAR part 43.3, 43.7 & Appendix A on an airplane owned by the pilot. He or she can also approve the aircraft for return to service following that maintenance.

What are your requirements as an aircraft mechanic when you have a change of address?

You must notify the FAA in writing within 30 days of any change to your permanent address.