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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men age 15-35?
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testicular cancer
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What things could lead to testicular cancer?
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trauma, orchitis, family hx, cryptochidism (undescended testicles), DES exposure, exposure to carcinogens
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What are some symptoms of testicular cancer?
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often subtle, mass or swelling, heavy or dragging sensation in testicles
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Why wouldn't the doctor perform a biopsy to see if the testicular mass was cancerous?
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all testicular masses are considered malignant and must be removed
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What are some treatment options for testicular cancer?
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orchiectomy (removal of testicle), radiation/chemo depending on type of cancer
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What are some nursing considerations for your pt. with testicular cancer?
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acknowledge body image issues
effect on reproduction (sperm banking can be done) high risk for bleeding/DVT if radical node dissection performed, may have ejaculatory dysfunction, must follow up |
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How would you advise your pt. on the prevention of testicular cancer?
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do a TSE (testicular self exam)
Good prognosis when detected early |
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What is the most common cancer in american men?
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prostate cancer
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What are some risk factors in getting prostate cancer?
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normal aging, diet high in animal fat, smoking, occupational exposure, hormones, STD, family hx, African american
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What are some ways to help prevent prostate cancer?
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Digital rectal exam (DRE) yearly after age 40, PSA (prostate specific antigen)yearly after age 50
unless African american then after age 40 |
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What are some s/s of prostate cancer?
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often none early on, similar to BPH, often presents with back pain due to mets
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How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
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exam and PSA(prostate specific antigen), transrectal ultrasound, biopsy, mets workup
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What are the treatment options for your pt. diagnosed with prostate cancer?
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watchful waiting - if low PSA, age>80 (risk factor)
radiation chemo - limited effect, last resort antiandrogens, estrogens, GNRH analog surgery |
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What are some possible side effects if your prostate cancer pt. undergoes radiation?
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cystitis, proctatitis, voiding problems if seed implants
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What are your major concerns for your post op prostate surgery pt?
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hemorrhage, infection, urine leakage (will have some immed. post op. but should decrease rapidly)
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What is the average age in which most women go through menopause?
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51
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How can your pt. help to prevent osteoporosis later in life?
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maximize bone density in early years, HRT, calcium, exercise, avoid red meat, alcohol and smoking, identify eating disorders
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What are some ways that your pt. can help with early detection of breast cancer?
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BSE (breast self exam) and yearly physicals, mammograms yearly starting at 40 unless family hx (1st degree relative - mom or sister) then at 30
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What are some NORMAL findings on BSE?
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one breast larger then the other, bilateral nipple retraction, bilateral milky discharge, fibrocytic changes(feels like peas)
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What does a breat tumor feel like upon self examination?
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they are hard, single, solid masses that can't be moved
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What test would be administered to detect cervical cancer?
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pap smear
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At what age should a girl start her menarche (period) and when should it be a concern?
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average age is 12 (8-16 range)
concern: if starts before the age of 8 if no menarche by age 14 without secondary sexual characteristics if no menarche by age 1 with secondary sexual characterisitcs |
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Explain menopause
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average age 51, declining estrogen levels, defined as 6 months without a period, diagnosed with FSH>30
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What are some menopausal symptoms?
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hot flashes, mood changes, vaginal dryness
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What are some other issues that menopause can cause?
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osteoporosis (due to loss of estrogen), CV disease, colon cancer, alzheimer's, macular degeneration, edentia
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How is menopause treated?
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HRT (hormone replacement therapy), treatment for osteoporosis if needed, treatment for CVD, if needed
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When is HRT contraindicated?
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in breast cancer, uterine cancer, active liver disease, thromboembolic disease
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If your menopause pt. is getting HRT and they have not undergone a hysterectomy, what hormones is it important that they receive?
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estrogen and progesterone
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What are some risk factors for breast cancer?
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age, hx, family hx, nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause, diest high in animal fat, ETOH, obesity, exogenous hormones, at risk if never had children
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What are s/s of breast cancer?
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palpable mass (non-tender, firm, fixed, irregular), unilateral nipple discharge, retraction or dimpling of skin, pos. axillary nodes
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What are some treatment options for your pt. with breast cancer?
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surgery, chemo or radiation either before or after surgery, tamoxifen
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What is tamoxifen?
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anti-estrogen, causes menopausal symptoms, must monitor pt. for DVT, abnormal vaginal bleeding
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Explain the different surgeries for breast cancer
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partial mastectomy - lumpectomy and nodes
modified radical mastectomy - breast and nodes radical mastectomy - breast, nodes and muscle |
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What are some nursing implications when you have a pt. with breast cancer?
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body image/sexuality, pain, wound care (drains, dressings), check circulation and sensations to hands if nodes are removed, no BP,injections or blood draws on the effected side(for life)
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If your pt. just has breast surgery, how should they be positioned?
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on unoperative side with effected arm higher then the heart (elevated)
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What is some discharge teaching you should give to your breast cancer pt who has had surgery?
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wound care, exercises, lymphedema, no bra until incision healed, no shaving for 2 weeks under effected arm, no deodorant, medications
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What is the best ways to help prevent breast cancer?
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avoid animal fats, incr. fruits and veggies, decr. protein, exercise
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What are uterine fibroids(leiomyoma)?
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benign growths stimulated by estrogen
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How does a pt. with uterine fibroids usually present?
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abnormal bleeding (menorrhagia, metrorrhagia)
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How are uterine fibroids usually treated?
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medically (GNRH) or surgically (myomectomy or TAH)
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What are some risk factors for endometrial cancer?
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obesity, nulliparity (no children), usually older women, late menopause, unopposed estrogen stimulation(needs progesterone)
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What are s/s of endometrial cancer?
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abnormal uterine bleeding
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How is endometrial cancer diagnosed?
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pap smear, endometrial biopsy
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What are some treatment options for endometrial cancer?
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TAH-BSO, radiation/chemo(worse prognosis)
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What is cervical cancer associated with?
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HPV(human papilloma virus)
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What are some risk factors for cervical cancer?
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early first intercourse, multiple partners(remember: it is an STD), smoking(make HPV grow faster), Hx of STDs
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What are some s/s of cervical cancer?
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discharge, dysparunia(pain w. intercourse), metrorrhagia(spotting between periods)
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How is cervical cancer diagnosed?
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pap smear, colposcopy, biopsy
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What are some treatment options for cervical cancer?
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laser, cryo, LEEP, cone, radiation, TAH
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What are some ways of preventing cervical cancer?
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wear condoms, routine pap smears, vaccine against HPV(gardasil)
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What are some risk factors for ovarian cancer?
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family hx, high fat diet, nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause
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What are the s/s of ovarian cancer?
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none early, then GI symptoms
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How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?
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exam, ultrasound, MRI, CA125
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How is ovarian cancer treated?
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radical surgery to remove as much tumor as possible, chemo
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