Amh 2097 Robbins Final Exam

Front 1

19th Century German-American Life

Back 1

Midwest: Farmers; Brought German beer and pianos to U.S. to show Americans German way of life

Cities: Worked in Factories; had social clubs

set up Parochial schools (religion based) and had newspapers in Geman

Front 2

The German-American Immigrant

Back 2

Definition of model immigrant; Came to U.S. with $$, and many located well

Front 3

The German-American Stereotype

Back 3

Set by the "Pennsylvania Dutch; made Wasps think they were model immigrants. The Penn. Dutch were only "kinda German", but they were good so the WASPs assumed the Germans were too (until WW1)

Front 4

World War 1 Propaganda

Back 4

Germany and England send propaganda to the U.S. in hopes of gaining their allegiance; Germans and English diss each other

Front 5

"Pumped Up Patriotism"

Back 5

Got into America and hated the Germans; burned pianos; boycotted German beer

Front 6

"Hyphenated-Americanism"

Back 6

Ex. German-Americans- we used to separate the Germans from the rest of the U.S. population

Front 7

Violence against German-Americans

Back 7

Smashed newspaper printers and burned down factories, took some Germans into custody, KKK lynches some

Front 8

The Alien Enemies Act of 1798

Back 8

Authorized the President to apprehend and deport resident aliens if their home countries were at war with the U.S.

Enacted on July 6, 1798, and providing no sunset clause, it remains intact today as 50 U.S.C. §§ 21–24; War was considered likely with france at the time

Front 9

sunset clause

Back 9

a measure within a statute, regulation or other law that provides that the law shall cease to have effect after a specific date, unless further legislative action is taken to extend the law

Front 10

German-American Response

Back 10

"100% Americanism"; Hyper-Assimilation- They assimilate SUPER fast

Front 11

German-Americans in WW2

Back 11

11,000 Germans sent to Internment camps thanks to Alien Enemies Act; WW2 leads to Alien Registration Act

Front 12

The Alien Registration Act of 1940

Back 12

Set criminal penalties for advocating the overthrow of the U.S. gov't and required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government; Allowed to Gov't to follow you; 300,000 register; must carry "alien enemy registration card"

Front 13

20th Century German Migration

Back 13

Between 1931-1940, 14,000 political exiles immigrate from Germany to U.S.

Front 14

German-Americans Today

Back 14

58 million in U.S. (17% of pop.), most are assimilated but some live in ethnic enclaves and are acculturated

Front 15

Acculteration

Back 15

Keep traditional culture but still live in U.S.

Front 16

Jewish Stereotypes

Back 16

Have horns that they cover with little hats; Killed Christ; Greedy and Cheap

Front 17

The Jews in Rome

Back 17

Welcomed there for a long time, then Romans turned on them and kicked them out; The Romans destroy Jewish Temple in Rome, led to Jewish Diaspora

Front 18

Jewish Diaspora

Back 18

Jewish expulsion from Rome in 70 AM

Front 19

Smite

Back 19

Some Christians believe that God sent down a reign of terror to kill large groups of Christians b/c Christians are allowing the Jews to survive and thrive i.e. believed to cause the Black Plague (killed 1/3 Europeans) & Great Depression

Front 20

Torah

Back 20

1st Testament of Bible

Front 21

Talmud

Back 21

writings/interpretations about Torah

Front 22

Jewish Traditions

Back 22

Dress- Orthodox Jews follow Talmud more closely (curls,hats, etc.)

Eating Habits- kosher; meat & milk divided; hard to go out & eat

Language- Hebrew

Synagogue- Sabbath Day is Friday-Saturday; never able to work regular Christian job;(Do NOTHING i.e. cook, turn on car, etc.)

Front 23

Usury

Back 23

Gaining interest off people's suffering aka interest; Christians believe you should just 'give' people money; thought Jews were "taking over the world"

Front 24

Problems with Jews

Back 24

Economics (greedy) & banking system; can't do typical factory jobs bc Sabbath so study for skilled/professional jobs; Christians think Jews taking from already poor people

Front 25

Jewish Immigration: German Jews

Back 25

First Wave; same push/pull (religious persecution); Middle class, not related to aristocracy;

300,000 settled in Cities & MW w/ other Germans; worked as bankers in city (no anti-usary laws) & Peddlers in the Frontier

Front 26

Peddlers

Back 26

Travelling salesmen; sell goods to other Germans for very good prices; eventually led to Levi Strauss, Sears, Macy's

Front 27

Reform Judaism

Back 27

More assimilated Judaism; Began in Germany in early 1800's; don't follow Talmud anymore

Front 28

Reformed Jewish Traditions

Back 28

Dress like everyone else; Kosher eating habits, tho some relax some and not follow it; speak English; Sexual equality; family friendly; Synagogues look more like churches now; change Sabbath day to Sunday

Front 29

Who migrated in The Second Wave (1880-1920)?

Back 29

Ashkenazic Jews & Southern Italians

Front 30

Ashkenazic Jews

Back 30

Southern & Eastern European/Russian Jews (orthodox); same Stereotypes; 2 million

Front 31

Russification

Back 31

Hungary, Poland, Croatia, etc. taken over by Russia; Russians didn't want Jews there, told them to either convert to Russian Catholicism or leave

Front 32

Pogroms

Back 32

State sponsored Population eliminations i.e. The Holocaust; Told to leave or convert; Laws in Europe kept Jews from Immigrating to any other country there, couldn't even visit

Front 33

Ashkenazic Jews in America

Back 33

2 million; settle in lower East side of NY; too poor to go anywhere else & stay together to keep culture; Orthodox; Speak Yiddish- slang, Hebrew/Slavic mixed; VERY poor, bribe European officials to immigrate

Front 34

Tenements

Back 34

Have to live in apts. by themselves & building with other Ash Jews; single family tenements

Front 35

Sweat Shops

Back 35

Someone working in their home; take raw goods from factories & make goods in home piece by piece; women able to work; kids in school is most important

Front 36

Jews & Organized Crime

Back 36

"Kosher Mafia"; Murder incorporated; 1st Generation won't assimilate, 2nd will; kids start to rebel (Ash Jews want to join German Jews)

Front 37

Conservative Judaism

Back 37

Mixes German & Ash Judaism; Being kosher is left up to the individual; Sexes not split up during church; Synagogues look more like churches; speak English & Hebrew; Sabbath is Fri.-Sat.

Front 38

Labor Laws of the 1920's

Back 38

5 day work week, 8 hour work day, child labor law; movement up hierarchy; Ortho Jews keep Sabbath Day

Front 39

Who Joins Conservative Judaism?

Back 39

Almost all German Jews & 2nd Generation Ash Jews

Front 40

Jewish Immigration: 1930's

Back 40

People want out bc Hitler & the Holocaust; Many seek political asylum, including Albert Einstein

Front 41

Post 1945 Jewish Population

Back 41

Israel created (1948); Jews move there from Europe, but most Jews stay in US

Front 42

Jews Today (U.S.)

Back 42

6.4 million (3%); practice Ortho, Reform, Conservative, & newer ones; doing great, one of most affluent groups; generally have better incomes than WASPs; great education & jobs; HUGE voting block of Jews in SoFla; 6.4 million Jews in Israel also

Front 43

Italy

Back 43

No such thing as "Italy"; City-States controlled by families or the Pope

North vs. South: Certain words/slangs are different; U.S. considered N. & S. Italians differently; Kept distinctions between North & South until 1950's

Front 44

Italian Unification 1859-1919

Back 44

Took a very long time; Mussolini unified Italy after WW1

Front 45

Italy- The North

Back 45

Milan, Venice, Florence

Front 46

Northern Italian Stereotypes

Back 46

Skilled: craftsmen, artists, farmers;
Educated: Milan & Florence considered birthplace of modern education;
Money: big business, vineyards;
Light Skinned;
Cosmopolitan: understand different cultures, know other languages, meeting place of East/West;
Some Protestant;
Diverse & Advanced

Front 47

Italy- The South

Back 47

Rome, Naples, Sicily

Front 48

Southern Italian Stereotypes

Back 48

Illiterate: 85% couldn't sign their names;
Lowest class (peasants): worked as tenant farmers for 100's of years, land is owned by individuals & groups;
Non-skilled farmers: not educated;
No money;
Considered "backwards": slow & retarded, even by N. Italians;
Darker skinned

Front 49

Northern Italians & Immigration to America

Back 49

Came in Formative Wave (26,000);
land was pull factor, were skilled workers/craftsmen w/ money;
Everyone assimilated: only way to tell they are Italian was by their last name

Front 50

Where did N. Italians settle?

Back 50

California- wine

Florida- citrus, needed right climate, away from WASPs

^both under Spanish Control

NY: restaurant & grocery store owners

Could have set Stereotypes by WASPs

Front 51

The Southern Italian Family

Back 51

Only Institution for S. Italians: No Gov't, no police force, religious institutions, etc;

Family controls 'village', Head of family is most powerful man (not necessarily the oldest);

Dont recognize Gov't or God, they believe God has completely abandoned them;

Dont trust anyone outside of the family

Front 52

Amoral Familism

Back 52

Family is everything, there is nothing else outside of the family;

Head male controls everything

Head males don't trust each other and fight for power, which is why they can't have a society

Most important thing is to keep the families 'honor'

Front 53

S. Italian Men & Honor

Back 53

Males: In the work sphere (public), represent the family n a day-to-day basis; Deal with different people, communicate outside the family; Involved in Vendettas

Front 54

S. Italian Women & Honor

Back 54

Females: Kept inside their home (private), don't communicate w/ anyone outside the family, Honor Family with virginity, promised to another family when their born & married at 13 (to link families together)

Front 55

Vendetta

Back 55

Getting back at someone for doing something wrong to your family, happen all the time

i.e. Romeo & Juliet

Front 56

Southern Italian Weddings

Back 56

Link families together, girl married at 13;

Ceremony starts in a church w/ husband, wife, two fathers; two Day celebration follows, put on by the brides family (only time men & women can see different families; after village walks pair to bed

The bride makes the bed w/ sheets she's sewn & everyone watches & listens outside; husbands family won't trust her until she has a child

Front 57

"Showing of the Sheets"

Back 57

Morning after consummation sheets are hung up for everyone to see; If no blood, not a virgin;

If she had sex w/ him before, he'll find something to bleed, if she didn't & no blood, marriage is off, starts Vandetta

Dishonors her family, public shame; 2 choices: Prostitution or Nunery

Front 58

Southern Italy's Religion

Back 58

Catholics: religious but don't go to church, only go for certain things; can still be spiritual without going to church, don't like the building; consist of institutional and non-institutional Catholics

Pray to Virgin Mary, saints; always have a rosary;

Mini shrine in house: Crucifix, red bleeding candle of Jesus, statues of saints & Virgin Mary

Front 59

Institutional Catholics

Back 59

Concerned with going to heaven; They pray about their guilt & salvation

Front 60

Non-Institutional Catholics

Back 60

Take life day-to-day bc their lives suck;

Magic: believe in love charms & hexes; don't associate it w/ the Devil like institutional Catholics do

Front 61

What are the only 3 times a Southern Italian would go to church?

Back 61

1. To be Baptized
2. To be Married
3. Their funeral

Front 62

Southern Italians & Immigration to America

Back 62

2nd Wave;

Push Factors: overpopulation, natural disasters, taxes (tithe);
Mt. Persuvius: ash destroys the soil, crops can't grow

Pull Factors: Industrial Revolution 1880

Don't come with money, save up money to send best male candidate (like the Irish), women can't go bc they can't leave house

Front 63

S. Italians & Return Migration

Back 63

Most think 5yrs. is enough time to make money and go back;

1880: 70% return to Italy
1920: 20% return to Italy
^Immigration Laws, Things got worse in Italy (WW1, depression, Nat. Disasters); didn't want to assimilate

Brought the $ with them (around $1 billion), changed Italy forever: built roads, railroads, airports, etc.

Front 64

S. Italians and Chain Migration

Back 64

Practiced chain migration to bring wife & children over; Came over on steamboats w/ kitchens (no coffin ships)

Front 65

Southern Italians in America

Back 65

5 million, live in Ethnic Enclaves: "Little Italy's"- NYC, Boston largest

Women worked in sweat shops at home

Front 66

Padrone

Back 66

A person linked to your village or family, usually through marriage, got you a place to live and a job, wanted part of your salary in return

Front 67

Southern Italian Tenemants

Back 67

Friends stayed in same tenement as you; enemies in different tenements

Front 68

S. Italian Family life in America

Back 68

Head of family rules, arranged marriages all still in US;

Children put in factories, education NOT important (don't trust public schools); start working at 4 yrs. old; climbed under machines & remove things stuck in them

Girls stop working at 11-12 and are prepared for marriage, boys until they die; don't care they are making less $ by not join to school bc they are helping the family

Front 69

Mutual Aid Societies

Back 69

Other immigrant groups control Catholic church; Italians hate this, so they refuse to go to church;

Families who like each other join up to creates these mutual aid societies to help each other out i.e. food, work; represent 3-4 families, most money kept in these societies

Over 500 in NYC

Front 70

The Mafia

Back 70

Started out as a Mutual Aid Society in Sicily for almost 1000 years;

Means "place of refuge"

Is a Gov't system in Sicily, had savings accounts together; didn't start out as crime organization

Front 71

Cosa Nostra

Back 71

"our thing"

Decided to make money on the side by selling illegal liquor in the 1920's; 1st organized crime

Front 72

"Mafia Myth"

Back 72

All Southern Italians are involved in organized crime, and they're all in the Mafia

Front 73

"Yellow Press"

Back 73

Printing lies in real newspapers; newspapers in smear campaign against Italians, ONLY talked about italians

Owned by Jews, possibly to cover up the Ash mob

Front 74

Reality of the Mafia

Back 74

Involved in Prohibiton, can now send children to college (become family doctor, lawyer, accountant, etc.); make $$; only .0002% of Italians are actually involved

Front 75

Al Capone

Back 75

Huge Italian-American Gangster & successful Mafia leader

Poster child, never tried for his crimes but was eventually arrested for tax evasion

Front 76

20th Century Italian-Americans

Back 76

Blue collar work (can get out of school at 13)- skilled, not highly educated; work as policemen, firemen, in waste management, etc.

Women go outside home, stay in school, marry outside Italian families; change in image

Front 77

Italian-Americans Today

Back 77

Little Italy's in all major cities;
Difference between those who live in ethnic enclaves to those who don't: If you stay- keep culture, food, speak Italian & English (Italian is 2nd largest language in US)

Still in blue collar jobs; lower class; People believe when there was a mass immigration of Hispanics that Southern Italians became white

Front 78

Difference between Northern & Southern Italians Today

Back 78

Northern Italians are highly educated and upper-class; still look down on Southern Italians

Front 79

What caused the Immigration Restrictions?

Back 79

1. Nativism/Xenophobia
2. New Immigrants; get weirder

Front 80

How many Immigrants are coming?

Back 80

Didn't know how to count all of the Immigrants, so they created Ellis Island

Front 81

Ellis Island 1892-1954

Back 81

Immigrant processing center for new immigrants; 12 million went through there

Class based: Anyone in 1st/2nd Class cabins get right in; steerage passengers have to get off the boat- Center could only process a few hundred at a time, and boats had thousands, so people had to wait outside

Immigrants MUST have round-trip ticket; when they get in they trade ticket for $$; pay for ferry off Ellis Island

Front 82

The Quota Acts

Back 82

Way to say who can't come into the country without ACTUALLY saying who can't come in
1. Quotas/Census Year
2. Total # of Immigrants

Front 83

Immigration Act of 1921

Back 83

Restricted the # of immigrants admitted from another country annually to 3% of the # of residents of that same country as of the 1910 census, lasts 3 years

Ex. 1 million Ashkenazic Jews in 1910, 3% of 1 million= 30,000, so 30,000 were allowed to immigrate that year

357,000 immigrants came to America that year from ALL ethnic groups

Front 84

Immigration Act of 1924
(Johnson-Reed Act or
National Origins Act)

Back 84

Johnson & Reed didn't think Immigration Act was working, so they changed it; lasted until 1965

Changed the policy from 3% of the 1910 census to 2% of the 1890 census, which cut the total # of immigrants per year to 164,000

Front 85

Exceptions to the Immigration Acts

Back 85

Refugees, political refugees, and neighbors in the hemisphere (Canadians, Mexicans, Cen. and S. Americans, Carribeans)

^We still needed cheap labor, and they were close enough to come work and then leave

Front 86

The Immigration & Nationality Act of 1965

Back 86

Based on Hemispheres: 170,000 people from the Eastern Hemisphere allowed in to US compared to 120,000 in the Western Hemisphere, BUT only 20,000 total from each country (included Mexico now)

Front 87

Question of Illegals

Back 87

We see massive illegal immigration after 1965 & we don't know what to do about it; consider building a fence and the border patrol, but don't finish wall; also consider cutting them off from services

Front 88

Immigration Control & Reform Act of 1986

Back 88

Made employers show 'Burden of Proof': show proof of employees legality, and made it illegal to hire illegal immigrants

Front 89

Illegal Immigrant Amnesty (Jan. 1 1982)

Back 89

US said if you turn yourself in, we will let you stay if you have been here since 1/1/ 1982; most people thought it was a trick, were afraid of being deported; most didn't speak English, so they either didn't know about it or know where to go; hard to prove

Front 90

Immigration Act of 1990

Back 90

Increased the # of immigrants allowed in the US each year and created a lottery system that randomly assigned a # of visas; 700,000 total

Front 91

Visa

Back 91

A way to come into the country

Family Visa: If you already have family in the US, you can apply for immediate family to come to the US

Job Visa: If you have a skill that no one else in the US has (athletes, models, actresses, etc.)

Diversity Visa: If country becomes a new country, some of those people can come to the US

Lottery gave out about 55,000 visas, only have 3 months to come here

Front 92

What are the 2 main types of Visas?

Back 92

Immigrant Visas and Non-Immigrant Visas

Front 93

Visitors Visa

Back 93

Doesn't allow you to work, Everyone needs to have a round trip ticket, and can only stay for 3 months; can get it extended, but it costs $$; only free visa

Front 94

K-1 Visa

Back 94

Fiancé visa; immigrant visa; need to apply outside of the country, allowed to work

Front 95

F-1 Visa

Back 95

Student Visa; non-immigrant visa, has a time limit, limits where you can work, only for university students

You pay for the visa form; if you get denied, you already paid, don't get $ back

Front 96

Invisible Visa

Back 96

When traveling to other countries, like for vacation

Front 97

I-485 Status

Back 97

"Green Card"- permanent resident; expensive to apply, sometimes people wait years; Not permanent at first (only good 2 yrs. to start off), then apply again, then its good for next 10 yrs.; must re-apply every ten yrs.

Front 98

Citizenship Test

Back 98

Have to be resident for 5 years, if married to a citizen only 3 years; costs thousands of dollars; can take test in any language (if you do, you must have an interview to prove you speak English)

Front 99

Who are the exceptions to the Citizenship Test?

Back 99

People who are refugees or were granted political asylum

Front 100

How many immigrants do we allow today?

Back 100

1 million per year

Front 101

Hispanic Mosiac: Definition of Hispanic

Back 101

Someone who came from a certain part of the world i.e. Central America, South America, Mexico (largest country is Brazil- kinda wrong bc they originated in Portugal), NOT Carribean- not everyone is hispanic, MOSTLY not hispanic

Has to have Spanish influence: Spanish discovered or colonized it, don't have to speck Spanish

Spanish IS NOT Hispanic

Mixture of 3 cultures: Spanish, Indiginous(native people), and African; the more white you are, the better

Front 102

Hispanic Religion & Language

Back 102

Religion: Roman Catholicism; Most Hispanics practice non-institutionalized Catholicism, don't actively attend church but are very religious

Language: Most speak Spanish; In US- either bilingual or only speak English

Front 103

Mexico

Back 103

Colonized by Spain in 1521; Mexican territory was all of Texas & some of Louisiana

The Borderlands- 1st movement

Front 104

Ethnic Hierarchy

Back 104

1. White
2. Mestizo
3. Mulatto
4. Mexican
5. Black

Front 105

White Hispanics

Back 105

Not WASPs; 100% Spanish, no drop of dark blood at all

Front 106

Mestizo

Back 106

Mixed race, can look 100% Spanish, but their background (drop of dark blood) puts them there

Front 107

Mulatto

Back 107

Mixed with Africans; clearly see this person is mixed- dark skin

Front 108

Mexicans

Back 108

The people who were there before the Spanish; "Native Americans"

Front 109

Blacks

Back 109

Slaves in Mexico

Front 110

"The Borderlands"

Back 110

TX, AZ, NM, CA

Most who lived here were Mestizo & Mulatto; Spanish owned all land in Mexico, mixed race child can NEVER inherit it

Mixed race: like 2nd, 3rd son in Italy- have $, can't own land; went up & found ranching

Considered bad land by the whites

Front 111

The Mission & the mission

Back 111

2 purposes: to save souls & $; The Spanish tried to Christianize everyone

Front 112

The Mission

Back 112

Catholic church setting up a church & commune for the native people to interact with the Spanish

Front 113

the mission

Back 113

to take over as much land as possible & become profitable ike their father

Front 114

American Expansion into Mexico

Back 114

Americans moved West & bought Mexican/Spanish property & grew cotton;

Texas seemed wonderful to Americans; they heard rumors about NM & other parts of TX that its like the cotton growing parts; Also started hearing about gold mountain in California

Not America yet, but considered next best thing

Front 115

Texas Independence & War

Back 115

Americans declared independence for a day in the land they bought from Mexicans; when they declared, US decided to side with Americans, led to war

Front 116

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Back 116

Americans won & took a lot of the territory; ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Front 117

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Back 117

Gave US all territories in the West; US paid 50 million for the land even though we won the war

We allowed the 80,000 Mexicans in the West to become US citizens; 2,000 left, 78,000 stayed

Front 118

Problems in the West

Back 118

Land: Deed was given to the Mexicans by the Spanish, so the US took over all the ranches & put them up for auction; the WASPs bought them

Labor: Mexicans took on manual labor jobs after losing ranches; problem was people weren't need everyday; job today, no job tomorrow

Front 119

Mexican Revolution: 2nd Movement (1910-1930)

Back 119

Dictator Porfirio Diaz pushed for industrialization; tried to bring in railroads, etc. and get rid of agricultural factors, US helped

By end of Revolution, a lot of their territories were owned by US; Americans took advantage of cheap labor

Front 120

Profiero Diaz

Back 120

Dictator of Mexico; made the Mexicans poorest people in the World

Made sure Mexicans didn't have jobs, got rid of public schools (90% illiteracy rate); he promoted that America was better & Mexico was inferior, supported immigration

Front 121

Peons

Back 121

Made the Mexicans change from middle class & skilled laborers to jobless people who don't know what their job will be the next day; 1.5 million people move out of Mexico, when US was under Quota Act, though all Mexicans were allowed to go

Front 122

Mexican Pull Factor

Back 122

Migrant farm work- US needed cheap labor, farm work was temporary, only hired for a few weeks; went back to Mexico often, especially in winter months, brought $ to their families

Not considered migration bc their time in America was temporary, which is why we don't count them

Front 123

The Bracero Program (1942-1964)

Back 123

"Guest Workers"- US considered them guest workers, 50,000 people a year (given cards); by the end we had issued 4.5 million cards, can still come even if your not in the program

Shut down after acts changed-Birth of Illegal migration

Front 124

Panchucos

Back 124

Started hanging out in public places, but eventually became known as gangs bc of stereotypes; bad reps., didn't have rivals; WASPs liked being indoors

Front 125

Zoot Suit Riots (1943)

Back 125

Zoot: bright colored, baggy pants, long coat, fedora; didn't want to dress like regular Americans

Rioted for a murder trial; made it clear they were being treated differently & they just wanted to show their culture

Front 126

Mendez vs, Westminster, CA (1947)

Back 126

Segregated schools for Mexicans & Whites

Front 127

Chicano Movement

Back 127

celebrated Mexican-American culture, considered unassimilatable bc of their skin color; started taking Mexican history classes, learning Spanish & how to cook traditional Mexican food; most people involved were 3rd & 4th generation

Front 128

La Raza

Back 128

Art drawn in public (graffiti)

Front 129

Operation Wetback (1955)

Back 129

Eisenhower's program of racial profiling, allowed cops to arrest anyone who looked illegal; profiled Mexicans; 80,000 deported, 700,000-800,000 fled in fear of being deported bc if your deported, you can NEVER come back

Front 130

Reform & Control Act

Back 130

Reagans act that was going to try to fix illegal immigration problem by making employees show employers proof of citizenship

Front 131

Correlation between Xenophobia & Economics

Back 131

Illegal Immigrants sucking us dry; portrayed as Vampires, blamed illegals for the recession were in, but Mexicans doing all the work that Americans wanted to do for less $ (if legal workers picked tomatoes, it'd be $7/pound)

Front 132

Mexican-Americans Today

Back 132

Didn't have $, came here to earn it

1.5 million came over; live in borderlands

Front 133

Mexican-American Stereotypes

Back 133

dirty, violent, ALL illegal

Front 134

Myth of the Illegal Immigrant

Back 134

All Hispanics are illegal, and ALL Hispanics are Mexican

Front 135

How many LEGAL Mexicans are in America today?

Back 135

28.3 million

Front 136

How many ILLEGAL Mexicans are in America today?

Back 136

12 million

Front 137

Mexican-American Religion Today

Back 137

Still non-institutional Catholics- practice with shrines, pray with rosary, always think about religion, magic

Different: they go to church more now

Front 138

Mexican-American Education

Back 138

Typically don't stress education; seen as an assimilation technique & would rather keep their culture

Changed drastically- they help each other to set up scholarships bc parents can't afford to send kids to college

Front 139

The Dream Act

Back 139

Illegal immigrants are allowed to go to public school but can't go to college

Front 140

Fulgencio Batista

Back 140

"Puppet Dictator" of Cuba

He sold most of Cuba to the US; playground for rich WASPs

Front 141

Fidel Castro

Back 141

Led Cubans who wanted the country for themselves; not controlled by another country

Front 142

How long did the First Wave last?

Back 142

1959-1962

Front 143

26th of July Movement

Back 143

Independence movement; 18-24 year old Cubans overthrew Batista & set their own Gov't; Castro was all about Cuba for Cubans

Front 144

Socialist/Communist Revolution (1960)

Back 144

Rich did not like communism bc they get equalized

Front 145

"Golden Exiles"

Back 145

No other groups were treated better; mainly came over on yachts & jets; Fidel allowed them to leave

When these people left they took all their money witht hem; 200,000 came over

Front 146

Cuban American Adjustment Act

Back 146

Gave Cubans permanent residency

Big Deal, bc other immigrants have to apply & wait for it; literally given a visa & green card at the same time; are allowed to work immediately & given "refugee" status- It was granted bc they were escaping communism

Front 147

Cuban Refugee Program

Back 147

Allowed to borrow $ from American banks; total loans were 1.2 billion, were paid back almost immediately- they were good with $

Front 148

Where did the Cubans settle?

Back 148

Miami, Fl & Union City, NJ

Miami: Planes & boats came here, went to Miami bc it was the closes to Cuba

Union City: Planes went here also. Same as Miami, but there were many other immigrants from other places