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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Effects of Energy Crisis
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Americans had to suffer through a long cold winter of lowered thermostats and speedometers. Lines of autos at gas stations lengthened and tempers shortened. The business recession worsened.
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Women & the Workforce
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Not applicable to this series
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McCarthyism
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Started a national hysteria. Mostly rhetoric, McArthy ruined a lot of good people. Ruthlessly accused many of communism. The rules of fair play and free speech were thrown out. Finally went too far by accusing Army leaders of communism. Censured by Congress for this, and died in disgrace 3 yrs. later.
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Rise of Suburbs
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FHA and VA home loan guarantees made it more economically attractive to own a home in the suburbs than to rent an apartment in the city. Tax deductions on mortgage interest provided additional incentives. Government built highways, and by 1960 1 in every 4 Americans lived in suburbia. Construction boomed. Blacks moved into the inner-city to where the whites left. Businesses moved out of the city and into suburban malls. HA often refused home mortgages to blacks, thereby helping them from being able to move to the suburbs
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Supreme Court & Civil Rights
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Eisenhower failed to act on issues of civil rights so the Supreme Court had to step in. Lead by Chief Justice Earl Warren, issues that neither the president nor Congress would address were finally dealt with, starting with Brown v. The Board of Education, which said that segregation in public schools was inherently unjust.
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Sputnik
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Soviets launched Sputnik I satellite in 1957 (which simply beeped) and a second one carrying a dog. It began the space race and helped establish NASA. Called into question the American educational system -if the Soviets could beat us in space, we needed improvements.
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Equal Rights Amendment
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Won Congressional approval in 1972 and declared that "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. Twenty eight states immediately ratified the amendment first proposed in 1923. Had a number of challenges, and in 1979 Congress extended its deadline for ratification. The amendment died in 1982, three states short of success.
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Policy of flexible response
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Kennedy wanted more options than just humiliation or nuclear annihilation. Flexible response was the development of an array of military options that could be precisely matched to the gravity of the situation. Increased spending on conventional military forces and bolstered the Special Forces.
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North Atlantic Treaty organization (NATO)
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April 4, 1949, 12 nations signed the North Atlantic Treaty, which regarded an attack on one county as an attack on all. Ushered in a dramatic change in policy away from isolationism and became the cornerstone of all cold war American policy toward Europe.
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"New look" foreign policy
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Relegate the Army and Navy to the backseat while building up Strategic Air Command, a fleet of super-bombers carrying nukes. This did not work well for small conflicts that did not warrant nuclear action, such as the Hungarian uprising where they requested U.S. help.
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Decline of Americas Productivity in 1970s
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Many blamed women & teenagers increasingly in the workforce, declining investment in new machinery, the heavy costs of compliance with government safety aid heath regulations, a shift in economy from manufacturing to services. Vietnam also contributed, sharply rising oil prices, Johnson's funding of Great Society programs at the same time as war. Cost of living tripled. Mfring plants were unmodernized.
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NSC 68
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The Korean invasion provided the occasion for a vast expansion of the American military. NSC 68 was a National Security recommendation that the U.S. should quadruple defense spending. It became a key Cold War document as it marked a major step in the militarization of U.S. foreign policy and it assumed that the economy could bear the cost of a huge rearmament of the military.
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Post WW II Prosperity
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GI Bill helped millions of soldiers get into trade, vocational and university schools. VA benefit allowed home loans and farms as well as small businesses. Economy began a 2 decade growth spurt. National income nearly doubled in the 50's. Americans held 40% of world's wealth, and we became the envy of the world because of our affluence.
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Great Society
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Comparable to New Deal, Johnson and Congress were able to pass may social programs, including many long delayed Democratic promises such as a war on Poverty, Medicare, educational aid, Immigration reform, and a new voting rights bill.
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Post WWII Boom Economy
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Millions of depression-pinched Americans sought to make up for the suffering of the 1930's. Middle-class made up 60% of the US by mid 1950s. Women reaped the biggest reward in employment. Wealth provided powerful stimulus. Nested on colossal military budgets, cheap energy and production increases.
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Truman Doctrine
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Truman appeared before Congress in march of 1947, asking for $400 million to bolster Greece and Turkey against the Soviet threat. More generally he declared that the U.S. must have a policy to support free people from armed subjugation by outsiders. This was a direct challenge to Soviet attempts at expansion.
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Eisenhower as President
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Followed through on his campaign promise too personaly see to the end of the Korean War. It took 7 months. He projected a strong grandfatherly personality, soothing the American people. But critics say he cared more for social harmony than Social Justice.
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Welfare Programs of the Nixon Administration
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Nixon presided over a significant expansion of the welfare programs that conservative Republicans routinely denounced. He approved increased funds Food Stamps, Medicaid, and Aid to Families with Dependant Children, and added SSI. Also signed legislation in 1972 guaranteeing Social Security cost of living increases to protect the elderly the ravages of inflation. Philadelphia Plan required construction unions to establish goals and timetables for the hiring of black apprentices.
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Marshall Plan
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June 1947 Sec. of. State George Marshall invited the Europeans to work out a joint plan for their economic recovery. If they did so, the U.S. would provide substantial financial assistance. Was also offered to the Soviets, who called it a capitalist trick. Many democratic European nations accepted. Congress initially balked at the cost, but changed their minds after communists took over Czech. It proved massively successful and the communist parties in France and Italy lost ground.
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African Americans Response to Jim Crow
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Increasingly refused to suffer in silence. NAACP, Rosa Parks, MLK all came up in this era. Blacks became increasingly restless and militant since the War. Sit-ins, wade-ins, and boycotts became more and more common
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Arab-Israeli War
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In October of 1972, the Egyptians and Syrians launched a surprise attack on Israel. Soviets were arming the attackers. Nixon placed Americas nuclear forces on alert. Ordered a 2 billion airlift of war materials to the Israelis. Helped turn the tide, and Israel threatened Cairo until the US intervened with a cease fire.
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Post WWII Labor Relations
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the growing muscle of organized labor deeply annoyed many conservatives.They had their revenge against labor's New Deal gains in 1947 when Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act. Outlawed all-union (closed) shops, made Unions liable from jurisdictional disputes and required union leaders to take non-communist oaths.
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LBJ & Congress
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Was able to complete many Democratic programs that had been stalled up till then. Created two new cabinet posts: Department of Transportation and Department of Housing And Urban Development. Got a lot done with the Democratic Congress.
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Americas entry into Vietnam
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Kennedy ordered a sharp increase in troops in 1961 to South Vietnam. to protect Diem, but later (1963) the U.S. supported a coup against him.
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Operation Rolling Thunder
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By the middle of 1965, regular full-scale bombing attacks against North Vietnam.
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Kennedy and Civil Rights
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Initially off to a slow start, but reluctantly the Kennedy Admin finally joined hands w/ the Civil Rights movement. Lead the county through tough Civil Rights times.
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Brown v. Board of Education
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Supreme Court ruling that said that segregation in public schools was inherently unjust. Lead to many civil-rights era decisions.
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Martin Luther King
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Peaceful moderate, sought a better life for American blacks through non-violent protest. urged racial integration. Helped with black voter registration.
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Character of Harry Truman
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First president without a college education, was called "the average man's average man". At first approached his presidential tasks with humility but later became scrappy and cocky as he gained confidence. Loyal to his old gang, sometimes sent critics "SOB "letters. Sometimes would go off half-cocked or stick to some wrongheaded notion stubbornly. He was authentic, non-pretentious and full of moxie. Did not dodge responsibility.
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1952 Republican Ticket
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Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon. Nixon did most of the bare-knuckle campaigning. Won so overwhelmingly that the G.O.P. took Congress as well
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Results of the Vietnam war
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America had lost more than a war, it lost face in the eyes of foreigners, lost its own self-esteem, lost confidence in its military prowess and lost much of the economic muscle that had made possible its global leadership since WWII. Americans came to realize that their power as well as their pride had been deeply wounded in Vietnam and that their recovery would be slow and painful.
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Carter and Human Rights
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As a committed Christian, Carter displayed from the outset an overriding concern for human rights as the guiding principles of his foreign policy. In the African nations of Rhodesia and South Africa, Carter and his UN Ambassador Andrew Young championed the oppressed black majority. Resumed full diplomatic relations with China in 1979.
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Baby Boom
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After the war, record number of births. By the end of the 50's, 50 million babies had been born. Crested in 1957. Great for product sales, but created a crowded job market in the 80's and will put big strain on Social Sec.
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Origin of the Korean War
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When Japan collapsed in 1945, Soviet troops had accepted the Japanese surrender north of the 38th Parallel on the Korean peninsula, and American troops had done likewise south of that line. Both wanted independence and reunification for Korea. However, each had helped to set up rival regimes north and south of the Parallel. When the Soviets and Americans withdrew in 1949, the whole peninsula was an armed camp. In 1950, NK troops crossed the 38th Parallel and the Korean War began.
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Cuban missile Crisis
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Soviets were photographed with U.S. spy planes installing nuclear tipped missiles in Cuba in 962. Kennedy ordered a quarantine of Cuba by the Navy and demanded removal of the weapons. Kennedy warned Soviets that any attack from Cuba @ the U.S. would mean it came from Soviets. Soviets finally backed down after a week-long standoff.
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Gulf of Tonkin resolution
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Because of a supposed attack by North Vietnamese on American warship in Gulf of Tonkin, Congress passed this resolution which gave president blank check for war in Vietnam. Had said that it would be a "limited retaliatory response", and that he initially had sought no wider war.
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Camp David Agreement
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Carter invited Menachem Bagin of Israel and Anwar Sedat of Egypt to meet at Camp David, Maryland in 1978. The two signed and agreement under whose terms Israel agreed to withdraw from territory conquered in the 1967 war and Egypt promised to respect Israel's borders. Both parties pledged to sign a formal peace treaty within three months.
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Democratic Party Convention of 1968
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McCarthy v. R. Kennedy. Kennedy was shot the night of his win in the 1968 California primary. Nixon rose up as the Republicans nominee. George Wallace was the third party candidate. Nixon won by a small margin.
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Tet offensive
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At a time when the Vietcong were supposedly licking their wounds, they suddenly and simultaneously mounted savage attacks on 27 key south Vietnamese cities, including Saigon. Tet was the Vietnamese New year. Showed that victory could not be gained by Johnson's strategy of gradual escalation.
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Detente
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A state of relaxed tension between China and Russia. Produced several significant agreements in 1972, including the sale of 750 million worth of wheat, corn and other grain to the Soviet Union. More important, it lead to the U.S. and U.S. S.R. agreeing on an Anti Ballistic missile treaty, and lead to the S.A. L. T. (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
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Origins of the Cold War
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Years of mutual suspicions. U.S. led refused to officially recognize the Bolshevik revolutionary government of Moscow. until 1933. Soviets were skeptical when the U.S. failed to open a second front against Germany in WWII, lend lease aid was terminated in 1945, and by the U.S. refusal of 6 billion dollars for a reconstruction loan to Moscow (after haring given Britain 3.75 billion). Both countries had different post-was visions of the World. Americans viewed Russia's "sphere of influence" as an ill-gained empire. Both countries had been isolated from world affairs before WWII. Both had conducted missionary diplomacy. Many misconceptions with one another as well as general conflicts interest lead to Cold War.
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Sunbelt Region
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A fifteen-state area stretching from Virginia though Florida and Texas to Arizona and California. Increased its population at a rate nearly double that of the Northeast (Frostbelt). In the 1950's California alone accounted for 65% of the nation's population. These dramatic shifts in population broke the North's grip on political landscape. Since 1964 every president has been from the sunbelt (except Obama).
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Ike & Public Works
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Tried to get a private power generating company to build a power plant to compete with massive pubic utility program created by New Deal. He was against big government, but backed the Interstate Highway Act of 1956, which planned to build 42 thousand miles of motorways. Helped to suburbanize America
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Native American Relations
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Inspired by the civil rights movement, Native Americans in the 1970s gained remarkable power through using the courts and well planned acts of civil disobedience. Indians used the tactics of the civil rights movement to assert their status as separate semisovereign peoples. Captured the nations attention by seizing Alcatraz in 1970 and the village of Wounded Knee. In the case of US v. Wheeler in 1978, the Supreme Court declared that Indian tribes possessed a unique and limited sovereignty, subject to the will of Congress but not to individual states.
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Pentagon Papers
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Top-secret pentagon study that documented the blunders and deceptions of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, especially the provoking of the 1964 North Vietnamese attack in the Gulf of Tonkin.
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Election of 1960
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Nixon versus Kennedy. Kennedy said that the U.S. had fallen behind the Soviets in prestige due to their nuclear and space capabilities. Nixon countered that the U.S. had not slipped in prestige, and that Kennedy was causing it to do so big unpatriotic. A number of televised debates, which Kennedy looked better in.
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Nixon Doctrine
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Called "Vietnamization" it was a policy whereby the U.S. would train & arm the South Vietnamese, while the U.S. gradually pulled out their 540,000 troops, thereby leaving the S.V.A. to fight their own war.
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Nixon's Vietnam policy
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In the future, Asians and others would have to fight their own was without the support of large bodies of American troops.
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Watergate Scandals
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On June 17, 1972, five men were arrested inside the Watergate office complex in Washington after attempting to plant electronic bugs in the Democratic Party headquarters. They were working for the Republican Committee for the Re-election of the President, (known as CREEP). The Watergate breakin turned out to be just one in a number of Nixon administration dirty tricks that included the forging to discredit Democrats, using IRS to harass innocent civilians named on a White House "enemies list", burglarizing the office of the psychiatrist who had treated the leaker of the Pentagon Papers, and perverting the FBI and CIA to cover the tricksters track. Ultimately Nixon tried to use Executive Privilege to keep from having to give up secret tapes of his involvement, but the Supreme Court made him give up the tapes. The evidence was damning, and showed that Nixon gave orders for covering up.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Prohibited racial discrimination in public accommodations and employment and strengthened school desegregation. But the problem of voting rights remained.
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