American Studies Midterm Chapters 1&2 Review

Front 1

Bering Land BRidge

Back 1

Ocean levels dropped more than 300 felt lower than they are today, and when the sea level fell it exposed a land bridge between northeaster Asia and present day Alaska

Front 2

Leif Eriksson

Back 2

first man to discover North America

Front 3

Prince Henry the Navigator

Back 3

portugese man in the 1400's that was responsible for advances that would make exploration more successful- school of navigation and better methods of sailing and observatory

Front 4

astrolabe

Back 4

a device that enabled navigators to learn their ship's location by charting the position of the stars

Front 5

caravels

what shape were there sails?

Back 5

Smaller lighter and easier ships to steer than the ones used before- they had triangle sails that allowed ships to sail against the wind

Front 6

Bartolomeu Dias

Back 6

Portuguese explorer that found the Cape of Good Hope

Front 7

Vasco de Gama

Back 7

Portuguese explore that won the European race fora sea route to Asia

Front 8

Results of the Portuegese exploration?

Back 8

They found gold, ivory, and slaves

Front 9

Christopher Columbus

Back 9

A sailor from Italy whom asked the king and queen for a ship in trade for new riches, new territory, and Catholic converts

They made it to the bahamas in 1492

He made three journeys back to the new land which he thought was Asia

Front 10

Line of Demarcation

Back 10

This line divided the Atlantic Ocean forSpain and Portugal- Spain got all the land west of the line

Front 11

The Treat of Tordesillas

Back 11

It moved the Line of Demarcation 800 miles west

Front 12

Amerigo Vespucci

Back 12

Let the Spanish fleet to the coast of present-day South America

A German mapmaker labeled America after him

Front 13

Vasco del Balboa

Back 13

In 1513 he was the explorer to see the pacific ocean

Front 14

ferdinand magellan

Back 14

a portuguese navigator who circumnavigated the globe

Front 15

circumnavigate

Back 15

go all the way around the globe

Front 16

Columbian Exchange

Back 16

The Europeans took plants and animals with them to the Americas and brought back a variety of new plants and animals to Europe, Asia, and Africa

This exchange also brought new deadly diseases to Americas and many died because the native Americans had no natural resistance

Front 17

conquistadors

Back 17

soldiers who led millitary expeditions in the America

Front 18

Hernan Cortes

Back 18

left Cuba to sail to present day Mexico in 1519 in search of a wealthy land ruled by Moctezuma II

Cortes convinced Moctezuma he was a god but then captured moctezuma and they were both eventually killed

Front 19

Francisco Pizarro

Back 19

captured the Inca capital and killed the Inca leaders and by 1534 they had conquered the entire Inca Empire

The Spanish called their new empire New Spain

Front 20

Ponce De Leon

Who came after him to explore what he had found?

Back 20

Explorer that conquered Puerto Rico and ound Florida

Hernando de Soto went to explore the coastal regio nof the Gulf of Mexico

Front 21

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca aka De Vaka

Back 21

his entire ship wrecked except for him and three other men who were then taken and enslaved

he called for better treatement of the native americans

Front 22

Encomienda system

Back 22

gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work- these settlers in exchange were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them into Christianity

Front 23

plantations

Back 23

large farms that grew just one kind of crop

Front 24

Bartolome De Las Casas

Back 24

Priest that stated that they should try to convert the Native Americans to Christianity by showing them love, gentleness, and kindness

Front 25

Protestant Reformation

Back 25

Religious movement that stated the church was too wealthy and abused it's power

Front 26

Protestants

Back 26

Reformers who protested some of the Catholic Church's practices

Front 27

Spanish Armada

Back 27

a huge fleet of warships meant to end English plans

Front 28

Northwest Passage

Back 28

a water route through North America that would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Front 29

Jacques Cartier

Back 29

a french sailor that led France's next major exploration of North America- he made two trips to canada

Front 30

charter

Back 30

a document giving him permission to start a colony

Front 31

immune

Back 31

had a natural resistance

Front 32

plantation agriculture was

Back 32

a mainstay of the colonial economic structure

which meaning it was important to the economy

Front 33

MIddle Passage

Back 33

the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean that enslaved Africans were forced to endure

Front 34

African Diaspora

Back 34

(Diaspora means scattering of people)

Enslaved Africans were sent all across the New World

Front 35

Paleo-Indians

Back 35

people that crossed the Bering Land Bridge

Front 36

migration

Back 36

a movement of people or animals from one region to another

Front 37

hunger-gatherers

Back 37

people who hunted animals and gathered wild plants for food

Front 38

environments

Back 38

climates and landscapes that surround livingthings

Front 39

culture

Back 39

a group's set of common values and traditions, including language, government, and family relationships

Front 40

Olmec

Back 40

earliest known civilization in Mesoamerica

Front 41

Aztec

Back 41

fear warriors with good millitary ability

trade and tribute paid by conquered people in the form of cotton, gold, and food made the Aztec rich

Front 42

Inca

Back 42

known for building art and had about 12 million people in their large empire

Front 43

pueblos

Back 43

aboveground houses made of a heavy clay called adobe

Front 44

kivas

Back 44

underground ceremonial chambers

Front 45

totems

Back 45

ancestor or animal spirits on tall, wooden poles

Front 46

teepees

Back 46

cone shaped shelters

Front 47

matrilineal

Back 47

people traced their ancestry through their mothers, not their fathers

Front 48

Iroquois League

Back 48

an alliance that was establisehed by the Cayga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onodaga, and Seneca

An allianance that made the Iroquois one of the most powerful Native American peoples in North America

Front 49

Berbers

Back 49

a group of people from nothern AFrica

Front 50

Mansa Musa

Back 50

Malis most famous ruler

under Mansa Musas rule Mali reached the height of its wealth, power, and fame

Front 51

hajj

Back 51

pilgrimage ot Mecca

Front 52

mosques

Back 52

buldings for Muslim prayer

Front 53

Askia the Great

Back 53

His real name was Muhammad Ture, one of Songhai's greatest rulers

Front 54

reason

Back 54

clear and ordered thinking

Front 55

democracy

Back 55

a form of government in which people rule themselves

Front 56

knights

Back 56

warriors who fought on horseback, they were given land in exhcange for military service

Front 57

black death

Back 57

a disease that spread across Europe that killed an estimated 25 million people

Front 58

Two greatest Renaissance artists

Back 58

Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci

Front 59

Johannes Gutenberg

Back 59

developed he first printing pres that used movable type- this means that thousands of people could read the smae books and share ideas about htem

Front 60

join-stock companies

Back 60

businesses in which a group of people invest togheter