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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
_______ victory against ____________ in _____ was the beginning of... |
English victory against the Spanish Armada in 1588 was the beginning of its control of the oceans necessary for an empire |
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What were the five things that contributed to England becoming an empire? |
1. Control of the oceans 2. Strong, unified nation 3. Popular Monarch 4. Relative Religious Unity 5. National Pride |
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What three things forced many to the cities and to look for fortunes elsewhere? |
1. Economic Depression 2. Enclosure Movement 3. Primogeniture |
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What was the Virginia Company of London? |
A joint-stock company |
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When did the Virginia Company receive its charter, and from who? |
1606, James I |
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What exchange was made between Virginia Company and James? |
1. They received charter for settlement in the New World. 2. They gave a promise of gold, and passage through America to Indies |
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What was Virginia Company's plan for Jamestown? |
Settle only for a few years and then liquidate for profit; not long term colonization. |
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What did this Charter guarantee? |
Same rights of Englishmen. |
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On May 24, 1607, how many disembarked to begin Jamestown? |
100 English Male Settlers |
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Settlers died by the dozens from... |
Disease, malnutrition, and starvation |
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What did the first settlers at Jamestown do? |
They looked for gold instead of hunting, farming, and fishing. |
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In 1608, Virginia was... |
Saved from collapse by young Captain Jon Smith. |
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What did Captain John Smith do to save Virginia?
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Established the 'if you don't work, you don't eat' law. |
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What two things happened to the settlers after 'no work, no eat' was established? |
1. Colonists still died, 2. They ate dogs, cats, mice, and rats. |
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Why didn't they eat humans? |
Cannibalism = Execution |
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What did some of the starving colonists do besides eat all that nasty stuff? |
They raided Indian food supplies. |
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By 1609, how many colonists had arrived, and after the winter of 1609-1610, how many were left? |
1. 400 colonists arrived 2. Only 60 colonists left |
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What arrived in the Spring of 1610? |
A relief party with a new governor. |
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What two things did this new governor do? |
1. Established harsh military regime on the colony. 2. Declared war on the Indians. |
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What three things did this governor do in pursuit of war on Indians? |
1. Burned Houses 2. Confiscated Food 3. Torched cornfields |
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In 1614, a peace settlement ended what? |
First Anglo-Powhatan War. |
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How long did the First Anglo-Powhatan war last? |
4 years |
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In 1622, Indians were ________ by ______-______ ______________ and _________ |
In 1622, Indians were pressured by land-hungry Europeans and diseases. |
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Second Anglo Powhatan War started and ended when? |
1622-1626 |
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By 1625, how many people had come to Jamestown and how many people survived? |
1. 8,000 came 2. 1,200 survived |
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What happened in the Third Anglo-Powhatan War? |
1. Indians defeated, and 2. Banned from ancestral lands. |
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Who felt the most ferocious effects of European contact? |
Indians along the Atlantic seabord. |
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What three things describe John Rolfe? |
1. Father of tobacco industry 2. Economic savior of Virginia colony 3. Perfected growing and curing tobacco in 1612 |
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Where were tobacco crops first planted? |
Streets of Jamestown and between graves. |
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What did tobacco crops make settlers do? |
Press further into Indian territory. |
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What does tobacco do, and why does that matter? |
It ruins the soil, and that matters because it means people of Jamestown need a lot of space and (slave) labor. |
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In 1619, the London Company did what? |
Authorized the house of burgesses and representative self- government. |
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In 1624, what did James I do? |
He revoked the charter of bankrupt Virginia Company, making VA a royal colony. |
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Which colony was the 4th, founded in 1634? |
Maryland |
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Who founded Maryland? |
Lord Baltimore, and English Catholic |
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What two reasons are there for founding Maryland? |
1. Reap financial profits 2. Partly to create a refuge for persecuted Catholics. |
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What happened to the Catholic Land barons? |
They ended up surrounded by resentful Protestant farmers who prospered with tobacco. |
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In Maryland it was only in the 1600s where... |
Slaves were imported in large numbers. |
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In 1649, what law was passed where? |
Act of Toleration, Maryland |
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What did the Act of Toleration do? |
Gave toleration to all Christians but decreed death penalty for anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus. |
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Who did the Act of Toleration protect? |
the uneasy Catholic minority |
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Carolina was created when, how? |
In 1670 when Charles II granted 8 supporters much land. |
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What happened to Carolina's economy? |
It prospered |
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Who did Carolina have close economic ties with? |
Sugar islands of English West Indies. |
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What became the main export crop of the Carolinas? |
Rice |
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What kind of slaves did the people of the Carolinas buy? |
West African slaves experienced in rice cultivation. |
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What three kinds of people drifted to Carolina from Southern VA? |
1. Poverty-stricken outcasts 2. Religious dissenters 3. Squatters |
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What did these new Carolinians do? |
Farmed tobacco and other crops illegally. |
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What three things did Northern Carolinians have a reputation for? |
1. Being resistant to authority, 2. Hostile to religion, 3. Hospitable to pirates |
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In 1712, what happened to the Carolinas? |
They were separated, and both became royal colonies. |
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Which was the last of the 13 colonies? |
Georgia |
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When was Georgia founded, how many years after Virginia was it founded, and how many years after PA was it founded? |
1733, 126, 52 |
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Why was Georgia created? |
As a buffer to protect Carolinas from Spanish in Florida and French Louisiana. |
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What was another name for Georgia? |
The Charity Colony |
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Georgia was launched by who for what? |
Philanthropists to create a haven for wretched souls imprisoned for debt. |
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What three things did James Oglethorpe do to make Georgia a success? |
1. Repelled Spanish Attacks 2. Gave energetic leadership 3. Heavily mortgaged his own personal fortune |
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What was Savannah known as? |
A melting pot |
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What was Savannah's policy toward religion? |
All Christian worshipers except Catholics enjoyed religious toleration. |
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In Savannah, what were missionaries known as doing? |
Working among debtors and Indians. |
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Who was a famous missionary in Savannah and why was he famous? |
John Wesley, who later returned to Britain and founded the Methodist Church. |
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Did Georgia grow slowly or quickly? |
Slowly |
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How populous was Georgia? |
Least populous of the colonial era. |
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What kind of economy was Georgia? |
Plantation economy |
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What three things thwarted Georgia's economy? |
1. Unhealthful climate 2. Early restrictions on slavery 3. Spanish attacks |
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What drew first settlers to Southern colonies? |
Promise of riches. |
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What drew first settlers to the Northern colonies? |
Religious devotion. |
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In the 1530s, which king broke with the Catholic Church? |
English King Henry VIII |
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After the split with the Catholic Church, some English religious reformers became what? |
Puritans |
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Who would be at church in the C of E? |
All king's subjects: "saints" had to share church with the "damned" |
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Who wanted a complete break from the C of E? |
A tiny group of Puritans, known as the Separatists. |
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In 1608, what happens to a famous congregation of Pilgrims? |
The most famous congregation of Pilgrims fled to Holland. |
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What three things led to them considering America? |
1. Toil and poverty, 2. Dutchification 3. Desire to live as English purified Protestants |
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Where did the Separatists in Holland get permission to Settle? |
Virginia |
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What ship did the Separatists sail in? |
Mayflower |
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How long were the Separatists at sea? |
65 days |
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What happened to the Mayflower on its journey? |
Missed its destination and arrived off the NE coast of New England in 1620. |
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How many people arrived in the New World on the Mayflower? |
102 |
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Where did the Pilgrims choose to settle? |
Plymouth Bay |
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What two things are significant about them settling in Plymouth Bay? |
1. It was outside VA Company jurisdiction 2. It made them illegal squatters without authority to establish government |
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What was the Mayflower Compact? |
An agreement to form a simple majority rule government |
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How many people survived after the first winter, in 1620-1621? |
44 out of 102 |
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What two things are significant about 1621? |
1. Much better year 2. First Thanksgiving |
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By 1691, how many people lived in Plymouth Bay? |
7,000 |
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What did Plymouth Bay do in 1691? |
Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony |
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In 1629, who secured a royal charter for where? |
In 1629, non-separatist puritans secured a royal charter as Massachusetts Bay Colony |
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What did the non-separatist puritans do with that charter? |
They brought it with them to prevent revocation by the Crown. |
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When did the non-Separatist Puritans leave? |
1630 |
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How did the non-Separatist Puritans leave? |
As a well-equipped expedition, with 11 vessels |
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What about these non-Separatist Puritans is significant? |
They were affluent, educated persons |
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Name five things that are significant about John Winthrop |
1. Pillar of english society 2. Successful attorney 3. Manor lord 4. First governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony 5. Governor or Deputy governor for 19 years |
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How well did the Bay Colony grow? |
It rapidly became the biggest and most influential New England colony. |
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What did Governor Winthrop famously declare? |
"We shall be as a city upon a hill," a beacon to humanity. |
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Was the Bay Colony a democracy? Why or why not? |
No, because only "visible saints" as freemen could vote for assembly and offices. |
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What was the Bay Colony's declared purpose of government? |
To apply God's laws. |
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Could clergy hold office in the Bay Colony? |
No |
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Quakers opposed to the Puritan clergy were punished in what three ways? |
1. Fines 2. Floggings 3. Banishment |
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In an extreme case, what happened to four Quakers in the Bay Colony? |
They were hanged for their beliefs. |
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What three things are significant about Roger Williams's background? |
1. He was a severe separatist from the C of E 2. Condemned the MA Bay colony and was banished 3. Made it to Rhode Island in 1636 with the help of friendly Indians |
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What six things did Roger Williams do in Rhode Island? |
1. Built a Baptist Church 2. Established complete freedom of religion, even for Jews and Catholics, 3. No oaths regarding religious beliefs 4. No compulsory attendance 5. No taxes to support a state church, 6. Sheltered the abused Quakers |
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Who was Anne Hutchinson? |
A woman banned to Rhode Island by the Bay Colony in 1638 for the heresy of Antinomianism
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What was another name for Rhode Island? |
"Rogue's Island" |
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When was Rhode Island's charter granted? |
1644, 9 years after it was founded. |
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Which English explorer was employed by the Dutch East India Company in 1609? |
Henry Hudson |
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New Netherland was founded when, by whom, for what? |
1623-1624, by the Dutch West India Company, for quick-profit fur trade. |
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What did the Dutch West India Company do to get Manhattan? |
They "bought" Manhattan Island from the Indians. |
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What was the exchange between the Dutch West India Co. and the Indians? |
22,000 acres for trinkets. |
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What two things is New Amsterdam, later NYC, known for? |
1. A company town 2. Harsh and despotic governors |
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Why were the Swedes significant in New York? |
They trespassed by creating the colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River in 1638 |
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Who was Peter Stuyvesant? |
The Dutch man who, in 1655, captured the Swedish fort and absorbed New Sweden. |
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What three things happened to New York in 1664? |
1. King Charles II granted the area to his brother, Duke of York. 2. English naval squadron forced Stuyvesant to surrender without firing a shot. 3. New Amsterdam renamed New York. |
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In the mid-1600s, what religious group arose in England? |
Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) |
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What four things made the Quakers significant in England? |
1. Refused to support C of E with taxes 2. Believed all were equal in the sight of God 3. Kept broad-brimmed hats on in the presence of their "betters" 4. Refused loyalty oaths and military service. |
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William Penn became a quaker at how old, when? |
16 years old, in 1660 |
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Penn's father had what kind of occupation?
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Admiral |
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How did Penn's father respond to his Quakerism? |
He flogged Penn for it. |
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What did Penn do as an occupation? |
Joined the army |
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What happened to William Penn in 1681? |
Received immense land (PA) in payment for royal debt owed to his deceased father. |
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What was William Penn's two goals for his land in PA? |
1. Establish a safe place for Quakers under a liberal government, and 2. Make a profit |
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What kind of land policy did William Penn have, and why? |
A liberal land policy, to attract immigrants. |
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What two things did William Penn do to the Indians? |
1. Bought land from them, 2. Treated them fairly |
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What was Pennsylvania's military defense like? |
It didn't have one.
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Did Pennsylvania have restrictions on immigration? |
No |
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What attitude did Pennsylvania have towards Slavery? |
A strong dislike of it.
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What three concepts do the notes associate with Pennsylvania? |
1. Economic opportunity 2. Civil liberty 3. Religious freedom |
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Within 2 years, Philadelphia had how many houses, and how many people? |
300 houses, 2,500 people. |
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In 1700, how big was Pennsylvania? |
Surpassed in population and wealth only by VA and MA.
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What was it said about Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic Region? |
"Thus in some ways the mid-Atlantic region was the most American part of America." |