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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cold War (1945-1991)
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-competition of everything between the United States and the Soviet Union
-started during WW2 at Potsdam conference because of atomic diplomacy. -competition of who has the best -The United States and Soviet Union come out the strongest out of WWII |
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Churchill - Iron Curtain
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-speech in Missouri
-said that Communism (curtain) had taken over Eastern European countries and dominated them, said it was the Free World vs. Communist World |
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Truman Doctrine
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- gives money to 3rd world countries like Turkey and Greece, who are threatened by communism, to buy things like weapons and supplies to fight communist.
-the doctrine gives them military aid. -this doctrine is based on the containment doctrine of kennan |
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George Kennan - Containment Doctrine
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-said that the US must stop the spread of communism around the world.
-the driving factor of the Cold War -this replaces isolationism because we are now a global power -the foreign policy during the cold war is containment |
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Marshall Plan
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1947- Secretary of State George Marshall
-Gives large amounts of money and material to help rebuild Western Europe -this was offered to eastern Europe but the soviets declined. -a boom for American industries -we are buying our influence |
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Department of Defense- 1947 National Security Act
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-created USAF (United States Air Force)
-created CIA (Central Intelligence Agency): an international spy organization -created NSC- National Security Council: in executive branch that advises the President on security |
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Berlin Airlift - 1948
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- Stalin cut lines between West Germany and West Berlin and thought we would leave Berlin if we didn’t have supplies
-america supplies West Berlin (1 ½ million people) by Air for 18 months -Stalin lifts blockade in 1949 |
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NATO - 1949
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
-US military alliance with the countries of the North Atlantic -if one is attacked all others will join -this is opposite of how America felt after WW1 |
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1949 - China
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-China becomes communist: china was out ally during WW2; Truman was blamed for losing china to communism
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1949 - Soviet Union
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-Soviet Union gets Atomic bomb: America no longer has atomic monopoly.
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NSC-68
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-secret document given to Truman by the national security council.
-said that the President should mobilize public opinion to promote defense expenditures against communism -increase military spending during peace time |
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Fair Deal
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Truman
-increase in minimum wage and more public work projects -called for national health insurance -reps made it dissolve |
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Taft-Hartley Act 1947
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-anti-union bill passed by Rep
-prevents unions use of the closed shop -meaning a person does not have to belong to union to work at a company -weakens the unions |
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Election of 1948
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- (Dem) Truman vs. (Rep) Dewey
-truman wins because of all union members voting against the anti-union Rep and they voted Dem. |
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Strom Thurmond
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- third party in presidential election of 1948
-In congress until 2005 -He is a Dixiecrat |
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Dixiecraft
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Southern Democrats for segregation - want to keep Jim Crow
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McCarthyism
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-named after Joseph McCarthy – Rep Senator from Wisconsin
-anti-communist -trying to scare American public by saying communism is in America. -labels people as communist to get political help, says state department is communist |
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Alger Hiss
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- losses job and spends rest of his life unemployed because McCarthy says he is a communist without any proof
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Hollywood Ten
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- actors, directors, producers, that are blacklisted by government for being communist sympathizers and blamed for being communist with no hard evidence
-most of the accused were Jews |
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Klaus Fuchs
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- communist, British physicist who worked on Manhattan Project
- gave secret information of atomic bomb to the Soviet Union |
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(McCarran) Internal Security Act
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-congress dominated by rep
-made government employees take oath that they never had been part of communism, but this is against civil rights |
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HVAC
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- House Committee of American Activity
-looks for communist in American public |
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Korean War 1950-1953
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Northern Korea Communist (backed by Soviet Union and China) vs. Southern Korea Anti-Communist (backed by western powers esp US)
-North invades South -amer gets involved because of our foreign policy of containment. -Truman thinks North is controlled by Soviet Union, but North Korea is controlled by itself and wants a Unified Communist Korea -first war for the UN |
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Attack at Inchon
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-MacArthur leads UN troops into Korea
-UN troops land here and caught north by surprise and we liberate all of south korea -contains the communism in the South, but then invades the North -UN forces push the North Koreans almost to China, but the Chinese help North Koreans defeat UN troops -Stalemate around the 38˚ parallel |
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Truman fires MacArthur
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-for insubordination, because he said to use Nuclear weapons on China
-this hurts truman’s public image and politically |
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Election of 1952
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-Eisenhower (Rep) vs. Stevenson (Dem)
-Eisenhower wins and promises to bring war into a quick end -Tells North Koreans either to agree to a Cease Fire or we would use Nuclear weapons -North Koreans agree to Cease Fire in 1953 and have it still to this day |
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Globalist Foreign Policy
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-global military alliances
-ANZUS- military alliance between Australia, New Zealand and the US -Rio Pact- alliance with Latin America |
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Era of Consensus and Conformity
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-dynamic conservatism- conservative in spending but liberal w/ programs for the people
-8 millionaires and a plumber- was the Cabinet for Eisenhower -don’t rock the boat or you’re a Communist -those who didn’t want to conform were called beatniks. -most popular music is rock and roll in the 50s |
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St Lawrence Seaway
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-opens Great Lakes for oceanic ships
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Atomic Energy Act
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-creates Atomic Energy Commission- which controls military’s use of nuclear power and weapons and maintains civilian control over nuclear weapons
-controls nuclear material for peaceful use, for energy |
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Housing Act of 1954
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- provides housing for low income families
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Highway Act of 1956
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- largest public works project in American history; biggest thing in Eisenhower admin
-build interstates and highways -changed American society -built to move military faster |
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
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-American Jews- accused of Atomic spying
-executed by Federal Government on thin evidence |
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Robert Oppenheimer
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- father of the atomic bomb
-American who did the most work in the Manhattan Project -said US should share atomic information with enemy because to promote peace you have to have a balance of power -is against the building of the hydrogen bomb or “super bomb” -lost his security clearance |
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Decline of McCarthyism
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-McCarthy says U.S. Army officers are full of communist
-US Army hires lawyer and make McCarthy look like a fool -three years later McCarthy dies from drink too much Alcohol |
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Rise of the Civil Rights Movement: Brown vs Board of Education - 1954
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-Separate but equal is overturned (plessy v ferguson), Supreme Court said that the separate faculties were not equal
-desegregates schools |
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Rise of the Civil Rights Movement: Martin Luther King, Jr.
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-starts the bus boycott in Montgomery in reaction to Rosa Parks act, protest for months
-eventually Montgomery desegregates transportation and this leads to bus boycotts all over the south. |
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Rise of the Civil Rights Movement: Central High School, Little Rock, AR
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-first school to become desegregated
-Eisenhower had to send in the Army’s 101st Airborne division to protect the black teenagers for them to go to school |
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Eisenhower - Dulles foreign policy: massive retaliation
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- if US is attacked, we will respond with everything we have including the use of nuclear weapons; it’s to deter the Soviet Union of ever thinking of attacking.
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Eisenhower - Dulles foreign policy: "new look" military
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-new uniforms
-new way of thinking: emphasize air power and nuclear weapons and deemphasize land based military |
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Eisenhower - Dulles foreign policy: Domino theory
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-applied to Europe
-if amer didn’t protect west germany then all other European countries would fall to communism. -intervening around the world to prevent communism -Knock one down, they all fall down -if we didn’t protect Southeast Asia, they will fall to Communism |
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Sputnik - 1957
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-Soviet Union satellite, first man made satellite
-amer worried about Soviets putting a bomb on it -Schools in American started pushing math and science more |
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"missile gap"
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- the United States though that they were behind the Soviets in missile technology, but they weren’t
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Nuclear Triad
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1960
- three ways to attack with nuclear weapons: missiles, submarines, airplanes |
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Warsaw Pact - 1955
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-military alliance between: Soviet Union, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovak, Bulgaria, Albania, and East Germany (soviets and east Europe)
-Soviet Union response to NATO |
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Suez Crisis - 1956
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-Suez Canal connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
-Egypt sides with the Soviet Union and seizes canal that belongs to the British and French -Israel, Britain, and France threaten to send troops in to take back the canal -eisenhower steps in and offers a compromise. Egyptians have to pay the worth of the canal to the British and this stopped the crisis and WW3 is averted. |
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Eisenhower Doctrine
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-US would intervene in the Middle East if any country is threatened with Communist Takeover
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U2 Incident
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-the U2 is a spy plane
-Eisenhower said we don’t have spy planes spying over Soviet Union, but US does have them -Soviet Union shoots down a U-2 plane over Russia -the capture the pilot and put him on trial |
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Election of 1960
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-Republican – Richard Nixon
-Democrat- John F. Kennedy -First to have TV debate; appearance more important to amer public now -Kennedy wins by a small amount, he is first Roman Catholic President, and the Youngest elected President |
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Military-industrial complex
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- Eisenhower warns amer against the military industry - is too powerful, and that the United States is buying weapons that they don’t need
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New Frontier Speech
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-Kennedy
-focus on US should send man to moon -space race to beat the soviets -optimism for the future |
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Lee Harvey Oswald
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assassinates JFK
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Johnson (LBJ)
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-vice president who becomes president
-passes all legislation from Kennedy to honor the dead president |
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The 1960 were a period of:
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liberalism: the president and Supreme Court were liberal
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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-outlaws discrimination
-ends Jim Crow segregation -reinforces the 14th Amendment |
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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-Federal regulation of voting
-gets rid of poll taxes, grandfather clause and literacy test |
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Great Society (reform package):
Medicare and Medicaid |
- helps elderly (65>)with health insurance; pay into it while your work
-medical aid for the poor |
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Great Society:
Elementary and Secondary Education Act HUD PBS |
-federal govt gives money to local school boards
-housing and urban development; low cost housing for the lower class -public broadcasting system; federally funded |
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Great Society:
War on Poverty Job Corps Head Start |
-Johnson wants to lessen the number of poor people, but it raises the Federal Deficit; 25% of Americans live below the poverty line
-trade/technical school; provides training for people who cant afford the cost of school -gives a head start to children in poverty; free lunches at public schools |
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Warren Court
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-Earl Warren is Supreme Court Chief of Justice
-Miranda vs. Arizona -Miranda Rights- your rights had to be read to you before you can be arrested |
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Counterculture
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-hippies – the enemy is the ‘man’ aka authority; opposition to Vietnam war; lived in communes
-San Francisco- Haight-Ashbury - is where it started; it’s a street corner -explosion of Music industry Summer of Love 1967: California, huge concert Woodstock 1969: huge concert in upstate New York |
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1968: Tet Offensive
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-North Vietnamese attack American Troops in South Vietnam
-Attack US embassy -Government said we were winning the war, but Public realizes that the we aren’t winning and that the government is lying |
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1968: MLK, JR
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-civil rights leader is assassinated in TN
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1968: Robert Kennedy
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-is assassinated
-he was the leading candidate for democratic party for president |
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Election of 1968:
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ixon v Humphrey
-Nixon won by a very close margin because he promised that he had a secret plan to bring “peace with honor” to Vietnam War |
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1969 - Apollo 11
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Apollo 11 - Neil Armstrong
sent a man to the moon |
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1970 Kent State
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college kids at Kent State were protesting vietnam war, and the Ohio State National Guard fired on students and killed 4 of them; this shows how much the country is divided over the Vietnam war and just wants to get out
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1971 Pentagon Papers
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-secret documents of how war was going
-leaked to the Washington Post Pentagon messed with the number about how many North Vietnamese were killed Shows the govt lying to the American People |
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stagflation
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recession and inflation at the same time
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Election of 1972
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-nixon vs mcgovern
-Nixon announced “peace is at hand in Vietnam” -has cease fire with NVA (North Vietnamese Army) -Nixon wins election in landslide victory |
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Flexible response - Kennedy
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-US should be prepared to fight any type of war: nuclear, conventional, guerilla war
-new organizations created: Green Berets (army elite) and Navy Seal’s created under Kennedy foreign policy |
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Berlin Wall
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-Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev- leader of the Soviet Union
-built the wall around West Berlin that lasted from 1961-1989 -President Kennedy visits West Berlin, and said that the US would not let West Berlin fall to communist "im a berliner" |
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Bay of Pigs
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-US uses Cuban Freedom Fighters to try to overthrow the Communist party led by Fidel Castro
-CIA and Cuban Freedom Fighters try to start revolution at the Bay of Pigs -the people of cuba supported castro. -doesn’t work and 1500 freedom fighters are captured |
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Cuban Missile Crisis - 1962
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-U2 spy plane spots Soviet missiles in Cuba pointed at the US
-Kennedy decides that the US will not tolerate the missiles being there -blockade of Cuba, and Soviet Union ships -closest the world comes to all-out nuclear war -Khrushchev agreed to remove them from Cuba, we promised we would never invade Cuba and the US secretly removes there missiles they have in Turkey |
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Peace Corps
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- helps 3rd world countries, builds school, homes, and gives them education
-a way to expose them to what is good about the US |
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Vietnam belonged to -------- during the colonial period
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French - used their natural rubber to make tires
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--------- invaded and takes over Vietnam after WW2
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Japan
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Communist leader of Vietnamese people
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Ho Chi Minh
-fights the Japanese in WWII with weapons that the US supplied them with -After WWII we support the French who attempt to take back Vietnam |
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Dienbienphu
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-French control South Vietnam
-French lose at Dienbienphu in 1954, French leave Vietnam |
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Geneva Confrence
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- UN to decide future of Vietnam
-in Southern Vietnam, the rise of dictator, Diem, who is anti-communist -have free elections in Vietnam to vote who should be leader, but US rigs the election, because if not Ho Chi Minh would have won and it would have been a communist country |
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Vietcong (VC)
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-Vietnamese Communist infiltrate the south, followers of Ho Chi Minh
-Diem is killed, now we support Generals in the South Vietnamese Army |
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Gulf of Tonkin Incident 1964
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-2 US destroyers gathering intelligence in the Gulf of Tonkin were allegedly attacked by gunboats from the North Vietnamese
-Government tells American public that they were attacked, but the attack never happened -Congress declares war on the North Vietnamese, and the Marines are sent in |
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Rolling Thunder 1965
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-US bombers dropping huge bombs on Vietnam
-dropped more bombs on Vietnam than all of World War II |
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Americanization of War
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-Johnson
-we are doing most of the fighting for south vietnam -Increasing the number of troops to fight in Vietnam- over 500,000 -American public told “Victory is around the Corner” |
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MyLai massacre
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- US troops kill men, women, and children about 200 total, because the troops thought they were supporting the North Vietnamese Army
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Tet Offensive Jan 1968
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-showed that victory for United States was long away
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Vietnamization of War
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-Nixon
-hands over more of the fighting to the Southern Vietnamese Army -pulls out troops from Vietnam but expands the war to Cambodia and Laos |
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Cease Fire in 1973
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-both sides agree to it
-exchange POW’s (Prisoners of War) -American troops are withdrawn |
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Fall of South Vietnam
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-1975
-the North Vietnamese take over the entire country -Vietnam becomes United Communist Vietnam, which it is still to this day |
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Vietnam was the first ---------- for America.
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televised war
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Detente
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- limited agreement between U.S. and Soviet Union
-US sells Soviet Union wheat -link up in space |
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SALT - 1972
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-nuclear disarmament between the US and Soviet Union
-Strategic Arms Limitation Talks -attempt to stop nuclear arms race -limits number of missiles & 5 year freeze of missiles |
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-------- is 1st president to visit ---------- and open relations with them
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Nixon
China |
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Arab-Israeli War 1973
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-US sides with Israel, and supplies them with weapons
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OPEC oil embargo
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-Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
-against the United States -starts when we start supporting Israel in the war |
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CREEP
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Committee for the Re-Election of the President
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Watergate Hotel
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-Hotel in Washington D.C.
-Headquarters of the Democratic National Convention |
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Watergate Scandal
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-CREEP hires Plumbers-to break in Watergate Hotel and get info on what the Democrats where doing, they get caught
-FBI investigates and the President tells CREEP to pay the Plumbers to not talk to the FBI -Everything is recorded in Nixon’s office, so there are tapes of him telling CREEP to do this |
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James McCord
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1st Plumber to talk to FBI
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VP under Nixon
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-resigns because he cheated on income taxes
-Congress appoints Gerald Ford as V.P. |
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------------- ordered Nixon to give up tapes on Watergate
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Supreme Court
-nixon resigns: only pres to do so |
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---------- only president to not be elected
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Gerald Ford
-becomes pres after Nixon resigns |
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War Power Act
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- limits power that the president has in war
-has 60 days of power, and has to ask congress to declare war, or the troops have to stop fighting |
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Freedom of Information Act
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Public can access government documents
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Oil Crisis
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-gets worse
-Multinational oil companies-are the only ones to not hurt from the oil embargo -hurt American auto manufactures -people start buying Japanese cars, cars with better gas mileage |
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Gerald Ford's WIN
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Whip Inflation Now
campaign to stop inflation but doesnt work he believed govt should not get involved in economy |
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Election of 1976
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- 200th anniversary of the US
Carter (Dem.) vs. Ford (Rep.) -Carter wins -Ford pardons Nixon, so he doesn’t get elected |
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Department of Energy & Department of Education
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are created
-Energy-because of the energy crisis -Education-Federal help to schools |
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Deregulation of Transportation
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-makes ticket prices go down for the consumer on planes, trains, and for shipping companies
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Superfund
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-billions of dollars to clean up environmental disasters and pollution in American
-most money went to lawyers for the first decade for litigation |
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Chrysler Bailout
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-1 billion dollars
-first time in American history that tax payers money is used to bail out company |
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Carter emphases ----------- of other countries people, which no other country likes
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human rights
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SALT II
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-extension of SALT
-never happens because Soviet Union invades Afghanistan |
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Soviet Union invades Afghanistan
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-United States supplies Afghanistan rebels with weapons to fight the Soviets
-those rebels become the Taliban later in time |
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Carter Doctrine
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-says that the United States will assist countries that are fighting communist domination in the Middle East
|
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Iranian Hostage Crisis
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-dictator of Iran- Shah of Iran- gets cancer and gets treated in US
-while the Shah of Iran is gone, Iran has a revolution -they seize the American Embassy and take 52 American hostages -held the hostages 444 days the remainder of the Carter Administration -makes Carter look weak that he cannot get the hostages back -hostages released the day Carter left office |
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Camp David Accords
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-Camp David is the US Presidents retreat
-Carter gets the Presidents of Egypt and Israel to meet and Egypt is the first Arab country to recognize Israel as a country |
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Panama Canal Treaties
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- hands over canal back to Panamanian control on Dec. 31 1999
|
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Election of 1980
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Carter v Regan
Regan 2 time Governor of California wins election |
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Ronald Reagan's nicknames
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“The Great Communicator” –nickname, because of past careers as radio announcer and an actor
“Teflon President” – nickname, because criticism slides off, and Reagan is not blamed for countries problems, the public loves him |
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Reaganomics- supply side economics
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tax cuts so that the wealthy would build and buy more stuff to get the lower class more jobs
|
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Economic Recovery Tax Act
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25% federal income tax cut;
Reagan uses money to build up military and increased the military spending by 1.5 trillion dollars |
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SDI- Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)
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satellites that could shoot down ICBM’s
failed and could never be 100% effective |
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Yuppies
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hippies that turned into business men, they go against what they used to believe in
|
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Gramm-Rudman Act
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- If certain goals are not met in government spending, automatic cuts where to be made
-supposed to balance budget by 1993 -congress doesn’t follow this act and goes around it |
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First female Supreme Court Justice
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Sandra O'Connor
appointed by Reagan |
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---------- crash in the 80s
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oil
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election of 1984
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Reagan won
|
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Iran-Contra
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-US is exchanging weapons to Contra Rebels in Nicaragua who were fighting Communism in Nicaragua
-Congress told President to stop because they wanted to avoid another Vietnam-type war. |
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Iran-Contra: North, McFarlane and Poindexter
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-national security advisers to the president and have scheme to sell weapons to Iran and use money to pay Contra Rebels; this is illegal
-Congress finds out about it and calls it Irangate because they compared it to Watergate. -Reagan said he didn’t know about this |
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-------- comes to power in the Soviet Union
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Gorbachev
|
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1987 - INF treaty- Intermediate Nuclear Force treaty
|
eliminates intermediate range missiles in Europe; both the soviets and America disassemble their missiles is European countries. This made Europeans feel a lot safer and this also saved the reputation of Reagan.
|
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Election of 1988
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Bush vs. Dukakis
-Bush wins mostly on the popularity of Reagan |
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Fall of Berlin War-1989
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-allowed by Russians to be torn down
-beginning of the end of the Soviet Union Russians elect Yeltsin for President of Russia |
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START treaty 1991
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Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
-reduces the number of ICBM’s |
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Desert Storm 1991
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-Iraq invades Kuwait
-america intervenes -Saddam Hassan takes over oil supplies -called 100 hour war because of a fast American ground troop victory; we liberate Kuwait -bush’s popularity increases because of this |
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S & L Crisis – Savings & Loans
|
-operated like a bank, but suffered from real estate crash
-cost 600 billion dollars to bailout insured savings and loans accounts |
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AIDS epidemic-1981
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-virus that destroy a humans immune system (t-cells); believed to come from reese’s monkeys in Africa.
|
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LA riots -1991
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-video of Rodney King stopped by white policemen, who then beat him up badly
-when officers were acquitted, riots broke out -showed that there was still a racial divide |
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Election of 1992
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Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot
Bush focused on foreign policy Clinton- focused on Economy Perot-forms 3rd party Clinton Wins |
|
1990’s characterized by
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-post -industrial economy-- move to service job
-internet- computer revolution, and VCR’s -Hispanics were largest minority group by 2000 |
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“Slick Willie”
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Clinton
-focuses on economy -large tax increase, spending cuts |
|
NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement
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-Canada, Mexico, US
-remove tariffs and promote free trade between the three -canada and amer are equal economically but Mexico is still a 3rd world country. Amer thought that with NAFTA we could improve the standards of Mexico and stop the flow of illegal aliens but it actually makes it worse |
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Branch Davidians- 1993
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David Koresh- cult leader, who claimed to be Jesus Christ in Waco, Texas
-had illegal automatic weapons and fired them on Federal Agents when they tried to reposes them -had fighting standoff, but they killed themselves in a fire -over 80 people died -homegrown terrorists |
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Oklahoma City bombing-1995
|
-bombing of a federal building by Timothy McVeigh
-worst home terrorist act -a former military vet mad at US for invading Middle East countries -executed |
|
-------------- take control of the House of Representatives in 1994
|
Republicans
|
|
Newt Gingrich - “Contract with America”
|
President had a line item veto
-US Supreme Court rule this unconstitutional -said it gave president too much power Welfare reform passes -limits welfare recipient to only 2 years of pay and you have to look for a job |
|
Election of 1996
|
Dole vs. Clinton
-Clinton wins-easy reelection -Dole- talked about himself in the 3rd person |
|
Allen Greenspan
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Federal Reserve Chairman
-makes economy boom |
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Whitewater
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-real state scheme in Arkansas
-Hilary Clinton got out of company and made millions of dollars then it crashed which made it look like insider trading |
|
Republicans hire --------- to find out more info about Whitewater
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Kenneth Starr
-he prosecutes and gets 16 convection but the key witness killed himself -keeps finding more information and finds out about Bill Clintons affair |
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“Monicagate”
|
Bill Clinton cheated on his wife with Monica Lewinsky
-Congress needs 2/3 votes to impeach him - the House of Reps votes yes (on obstruction of justice) but the Senate votes no. -the problem with this is because he was having sexual relations with a subordinate |
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Election of 2000
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Bush vs. Gore
Bush wins, but only wins electoral vote Gore wins popular vote Supreme Court rules 5 to 4 for Bush -they decided the election result |