American Heritage Final

Front 1

E.E. Schattschneider

Back 1

“Political parties created modern democracy and modern democracy isunthinkable save in terms of the parties.”

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Founding Principles

Back 2

1. Good society

2. Freedom

3. Virtue

4. Welfare

5. Rule of law

6. Market economics

7. Declaration of independence

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Monopoly

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Significant control over price because of exclusive control over market production.

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Market Weakness

Back 4

1. Imperfect Information

2. Monopoly

3. Public Goods

4. Externalities

5. Economic Instability or Recession

6. Economic Injustice

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Imperfect information

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Because they do not have complete or correct information,parties make exchanges that might be harmful. I.E. cigarettes.

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Recession

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Definition: “a significant decline in economic activity spread across thecountry, lasting more than a few months ...”

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Why do recessions occur?

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✤ A negative “shock” hits the economy✤ Example: stock market correction, oil price increase, bank panic, etc.✤ If wages and prices adjust downward quickly, full employment is preserved and outputstabilizes✤ But contracts, inertia, and other forces (government policies?) prevent quick adjustment ofwages and prices✤ Output falls and resources are unemployed, including labor✤ Recovery takes place as wages and prices adjust

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Recessions may also have some benefits

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Allow for readjustments which can lead to increased standard of living in thefuture

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What can gov't do about recession?

Back 9

Nothing, Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy

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Fiscal policy

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Increase government spending and/or cut taxes to stimulatethe economy

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Monetary policy

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Reduce interest rates (by increasing the money supply) tostimulate the economy

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Market systems summary

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1. A market system is not free of weaknesses

2. Government interventions to remedy market weaknesses comewith their own sets of costs and benefits

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Markets and Morality

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Market is amoral, no attention to virtue or fairness, Those who produce desired goods are rewarded.

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Libertarian Market

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Allowing people to engage in voluntary exchange respects their freedom

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Utilitarian Market

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When exchanges are freely chosen, both parties are better off (as long asthe exchange doesn’t hurt others).

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Two moral concerns

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1. Civic Virtue

2. Inequality

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Sandel's limits of market

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Family paying their kids to read scriptures, Civic virtue= self interest vs. good of family. Degradation= Instruments of Profit vs. Love and Care.

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Teleology

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What is the purpose?

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Sandel

Back 19

wrote a book

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Richard V. Reeves

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"Opportunity is a public good as well as a private one"

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APSA task force on inequality

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“What our government does these days is especially responsive to thevalues and interests of the most privileged Americans.”

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Relationship between preference and majority?

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“Our government is becoming less democratic, responsive mainly to the privilegedand not a powerful instrument to correct disadvantages or to look out for themajority.”

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Market weakness summary 2

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1.The market can exhibit weaknesses.

2. In a democratic system, government responds to public and privateefforts to redress problems arising from those weaknesses.

3. The particular form of government response often reflects the preferencesof interested parties.

4. The gospel of Jesus Christ should draw our attention to the qualities andcharacteristics of the good society

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origins of the growth of government

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private power was growing the form of trusts and monopolies. Private power needed governmental control.

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Relationship between private power and public power

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Trusts were starting to control public power, Farmers and workers were powerless, According to Crowley “The national government must step in and discriminate; but it mustdiscriminate, not on behalf of liberty and the special individual, but onbehalf of equality and the average man.... The national public interesthas to be affirmed by positive and aggressive action.”

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Political response to economic change

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Political machines step in to fill the void, Populism, Progressivism

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Political economic response to economic change

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Economic responses: Regulation of business, Interstate, Commerce, Commission, Regulation of Railroads, Food and Drug Administration, Workman’s Compensation, Unemployment Insurance, Child labor laws/Compulsory schooling, Antitrust laws, 16th Amendment, Progressive Income Tax, Federal Reserve System, Monetary Policy

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Political reforms to economic change

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17th Amendment (ratified 1913)Direct Election of Senators, 18th Amendment (ratified 1919, repealed 1933)Prohibition, 19th Amendment (ratified 1920)Women’s Suffrage, More Direct DemocracyInitiativeReferendumRecall

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Results of reforms

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Improved working condition, broken up monopolies, Expansion in size and scale of government

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Populism

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Originates on the farm, farm prices were down, railroads controlled shipping while banks controlled credit, national money was tight. The populist solution suggested that banks would own and manage railroads, expand credit, and expand money supply.

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Progressivism

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Disliked the scale of private power, the unsafe living/working conditions, and the corrupt democratic institutions. Suggested that science be used to regulate housing/working conditions, government break up monopolies, and power be moved closer to people. Influenced both parties Woodrow Wilson a Theodore Roosevelt.

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Political Machines

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Provided services for the poor and needy especially immigrants and in exchange controlled their votes. Political machines controlled city governments.

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Woodrow Wilson

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Anti-trust, no private group should control politics of nation, wartime president. There can be no liberty is individual is not free thus there is no corporate liberty. Rejects socialism but sees greater role for public power, America has a broad role to play in the world opened up foreign policy.

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Gilded Age/Robber Barons

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Unprecedented accumulation of wealth by robber barons

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William Jennings Bryan

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✤ 1896: Democratic and Populistcandidate for President✤ Lost to William McKinley,Republican and pro-industrialcandidate✤ Famous “Cross of Gold”speech at the DemocraticNational Convention

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Summary of progressivisim and populism

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✤ Growth of private power: Americans wanted to increase governmentpower to meet challenges to democracy and society.✤ Responses✤ Populism (William Jennings Bryan)✤ Progressivism (Croly, Roosevelt, Wilson)✤ Reforms changed the Constitution to make society and government moreresponsive to the demands of citizens

Front 37

America's obligations to the rest of the world?

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Started with isolationism, Should forieg policy be based on self interest or virtue, preserve self or spread democracy? US has strong sense of mission in foreign policy

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How do virtue and self interest effect our understandings of propriety of war?

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Think WWII. it became the good war because it was a virtuous fight. WWI nearly destroyed the country.

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How does the aftermath of war effect politics and society?

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WWI and WWII both caused governmental growth, military spending,

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The new deal

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FDR first 100 days, reduced suffering and provided relief, by itself did not end suffering, caused some governmental growth but not all.

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WWI

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no one knew why they were fighting America returned to isolationism.

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WWII

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The good war, interest and virtue effected foreign policy. ended Great depression and made America a military power, prevented tyranny liberated Europe stopped genocide.

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Post WWII

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New prosperity (Baby boom, white collar), middle class, new consumer culture (TV, and appliances)

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Suburbia

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Result of WWII, idealistic and happy but elements of racism and pursuit of material things, conformity

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WWII sumary

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1. Changed America's role in the world.

2. Dramatic economic growth and the beginning of a generation gap

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Major events in civil rights movement?

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Plessy vs. Ferguson (Plessy sat in white railroad car and refused to move),

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Developments in civil rights across America?

Back 47

.

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14th amendment

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“No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges orimmunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any State deprive any personof life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny to any personwithin its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

Front 49

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Back 49

sat in white railroad car, expected protection of 14th amendment. It was ruled that separate and equal was legal, and that political and social equality were not the same, sanctioned Jim Crow laws.

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Emmit Till

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14 visited south, said "bye baby", lynched no justice was served.

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1954 Brown vs. Board of education

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We need to readjust how we think about the 14th amendment to fit our times, in the sphere of education segregation has no place.

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Rosa Parks/ Montgomery bus boycott

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Refused to give up her seat, peaceful protesting.

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Little rock Arkansas

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Will Eisenhower enforce Brown vs. board of education? yes he did at central high school.

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1960 sit ins

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Woolsworth and greensboro lunchcounters

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Birmingham

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4 little girls killed by bomb in church remember the poem.

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Letter from Birmingham

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The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws.

1. Collect facts to determine if injustice exists

2. negotiation

3. self purification (accept blows without retaliation)

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I have a dream

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dream rooted in american dream, all men created equal, children someday judged by content of character instead of color. Problem is not with founding ideals but with inability to live up to them. Sacred obligation invokes the American dream. Uses religion.

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March on Washington

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200,000 people commenced with the deliverance of MLK's I have a dream

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The Ballot or the Bullet

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Anyone can sit it's time to stand and fight. The ballot or the bullet. Don't cast your ballot if they won't fix civil rights. Called for a revolution. Stop loving your enemy.

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Political milestones

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24th amendment abolishes poll taxes, civil rights act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on basis of color, voting rights act of 1965 makes it easier to register to vote.

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Important movements in the 60s

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Civil rights, Student movement, counter culture, anti war movement, summer of love in San Francisco

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60s impact on American view of liberty

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Liberty that privileges the individual above all else

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Student Movement

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Questioned the purpose of education, included anti war and civil rights, demanded that students emerge from apathy, universities became engines of social change

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Counter Culture

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Questioned everything, potato man, is moonbeam here?, Liberation from external influences, strong focus on individual, morality comes from individual, rethought liberty, liberty is whatever you want it to be. Freedom from everything, "Rise up and abandon the creeping meatball.

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Anti war

Back 65

Questioned American values, vietnam

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Vietnam

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The bad war, tons of american and Vietnamese casualties, was it self interest?, was it the right and moral thing to do?, was it an important attempt to defend against communism or was it a military superpower trying to show dominance.

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Jerry Rubin

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Youth international party (Yippies), Rise up and abandon the creeping meatball, Yippie manifesto, we protest_____, long hair communicates disrespect for America.

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YIPPIES

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we offer sex, drugs, heroism, brotherhood, rules were made to be broken, prohibitions should be prohibited. They offer Protestantism and responsibility. "How to steal this book"

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60s summary

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New definition of liberty that radicalizes liberty through emphasizing the individual. Politics today still struggle with this emphases.

Front 70

Legacy of 60s

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Civil rights, Vietnam, student unrest, counterculture, assassinations (MLK and kennedy), is the country out of control?, 60s radicals did not create a new world (Jerry rubin)

Front 71

The tension between the individual and the obligation to something other than self

Back 71

Individualism says if i owe anything to others it is only by consent, Moral individualism implies government should be neutral and put the right prior to the good,

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Clean for Gene

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Hippies cleaned up, ended in riots

Front 73

Ronald Reagan

Back 73

Older understanding of freedom, government, and rights (Like property)

Front 74

Market problem*

Back 74

Market may crowd out other norms and values we care about

Front 75

Sandel limits of market

Back 75

1. civic virtue self interest vs. good of family

2. degradation instruments of profit vs. love and care

3. teleology explains why there are some things money can't buy

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Muckraker

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Frank Norris=The octopus (California railroads) and Upton Sinclair= The jungle (Chicago meat market)

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Boss Twede of tamany hall

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Most powerful political machines

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1st hundred days

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try to help people get jobs, relief efforts, minimum wage, social security

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2nd hundred days

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employment, old age pensions, central banking system

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The gospel of wealth

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Carnegie, three things you can do with money

1. leave it to kids

2. give it to public to use after death

3. give to public during life

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Obligations towards eachother

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John Winthrop= we must better eachother

William Sumner= Social darwinism some born poor some born rich no obligations

Carnegie= help others become fit

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FDR's 4 freedoms

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1. speech and expression

2. freedom to worship God

3. freedom from want

4. freedom from fear (reduction of national armaments)

Front 83

New deal programs

Back 83

1. CCC-Civil Conservation Corps

2. FERA-Federal Emergency Relief Administration

3. PWA-Public Works Administration

4. WPA-Works Progress Administration

5. SEC- securities and exchange comission

6. NLRB-National labor relations board

7. FDIC-federal deposit insurance company

8. Social Security

9. FCC-Federal communications commission

10. CAB- Civil Aeronautics Board

11. TVA- Tennessee Valley Authority

12. REA- Rural electrification administration

Front 84

Amendments 16

Back 84

Gave congress authority to make investment tax

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Hoover's fifth freedom

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To have FDR's four freedoms we need a fifth freedom which is economic freedom

Front 86

"Statement on Civil Rights

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"The Yippie Manifesto"

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Barack Obama: 2015 Speech at Selma,

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Herbert Hoover: "Rugged Individualism"

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Franklin D. Roosevelt: "A Second Bill of Rights"

Back 90

1. the right to a job

2. the right to provide adequate food clothing and recreation

3. the right to sell products at decent price

4. the right to trade in freedom

5. the right to a decent home

6. right to adequate medical care

7. right to adequate protection

8. Right to education

Front 91

Woodrow Wilson: "The New Freedom"

Back 91

America has changed and men are lost in corporations. We must translate old documents into broad terms that can be applied modern day.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt: "First Inaugural"

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Our nation needs action, our first priority is putting people to work, the action we must take is feasible under the constitution,

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Richard V. Reeves: "Saving Horatio Alger

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Horatio Alger was an author who wrote rags to riches stories. His point was that anyone can achieve the American dream and it's worth preserving.

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Sandel: Chapter 4 "Markets and Morals"

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William Graham Sumner: "What Social Classes Owe to Each Other" (CR web page)

Back 95

Everybody feels entitled so they mooch off of the forgotten man.

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Amendment 17

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Election of 2 senators

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amendment 18

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banned alcohol

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amendment 19

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women get to vote

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amendment 20

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abolished the December to March session of those Congressmen defeated for reelection in November.

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Amendment 21

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appealed the 18th amendment (prohibition)

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Amendment 22

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president only serves 2 terms