American Government Final

Front 1

The authority to bring formal charges against a president for “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors”.

Back 1

Impeachment

Front 2

The Great Depression and World War II led to what?

Back 2

Large expansion in the role of the national government and tremendous growth in presidential power.

Front 3

Congress has how many members?

Back 3

535

Front 4

“Being a president is like riding a tiger. You have to stay on or get swallowed” was said by whom?

Back 4

Harry Truman

Front 5

What are the conditions to be eligible to hold the presidency?

Back 5

-Must be a “natural-born citizen
-At least 35 years old
-Resided in the US for at least 14 years before taking office

Front 6

Which amendment limits Presidents to 2 terms?

Back 6

22nd Amendment

Front 7

Which amendment is used for Presidents that may be mentally ill or incapable of carrying out duties?

Back 7

25th Amendment.
Was used on James Garfield and Woodrow Wilson.

Front 8

The head of government (President) is AKA as

Back 8

Head of State.

Front 9

The President’s informal power to gain support by dispensing favors and penalties and by using the prestige of the office

Back 9

Power to Persuade

Front 10

The situation when one political party controls the presidency and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

Back 10

Divided Government

Front 11

A 1973 statute enacted by Congress to limit the president’s ability to commit troops to combat. Has 3 conditions

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War Powers Resolution
-When Congress has declared War
-When Congress has given him specific authority
-When an attack on the US or its military creates national crisis

Front 12

The custom of giving senators of the president’s party a virtual veto over appointments to jobs, including judicial appointments, in their states

Back 12

Senatorial courtesy

Front 13

Rules or regulations issued by the president that have the force of law; issued to implement constitutional provisions or statutes

Back 13

Executive Orders

Front 14

The authority of the president to withhold information from the courts and Congress

Back 14

Executive Privilege.

Front 15

A concept proposed by Theodore Lowi that holds that presidents since the 1930s have amassed tremendous personal power directly from the people and, in return, are expected to make sure the people get what they want from the government.

Back 15

Personal Presidency

Front 16

Term used to describe presidents who are mostly seen by the public as actors in public spectacles, stage-managed photo ops, featuring the president in a dramatically staged event or setting.

Back 16

Spectacle Presidency

Front 17

A government publication describing bureaucratic actions and detailing regulations proposed by government agencies

Back 17

Federal Register

Front 18

Legislation passed in 1946 that provides for public participation in the rule-making process.

Back 18

Administrative Procedure Act (APA)

Front 19

The Freedom of Information Act, passed in 1966 and amended in 1974, lets any member of the public apply to an agency for access to unclassified documents in its archives

Back 19

FOIA

Front 20

Adopted in 1977, this act requires that most government meetings be conducted in public and that notice of such meetings must be posted in advance.

Back 20

Sunshine Act

Front 21

Government bureaus that are not parts of departments. Their heads are appointed by and responsible to the President

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Independent Agencies.

Front 22

The process by which by which bureaucrats convert laws into rules and activities that have an actual impact on people and things

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Policy Implementation

Front 23

The actions of regulatory agencies in establishing standards or guidelines conferring benefits or imposing restrictions on business conduct

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Regulation

Front 24

The power to draft, as well as execute, specific policies; granted by Congress to agencies when a problem requires technical expertise

Back 24

Delegated Legislative Authority

Front 25

A system in which elected officials appoint their supporters to administrative jobs; used by political machines to maintain themselves in power

Back 25

Patronage

Front 26

An agency established by the Pendleton Act of 1883 to curb patronage in the federal bureaucracy and replace it with a merit system

Back 26

Civil Service Commission

Front 27

The concept that bureaucrats should be uninvolved or neutral in policymaking and should be chosen only for their expertise—not their political affiliation

Back 27

Neutral competence

Front 28

A statute enacted in 1939 that limits the political activities of federal employees in partisan campaigns

Back 28

Hatch Act

Front 29

The president’s control over the bureaucracy in his capacity as chief executive; achieved through budgeting, appointments, administrative reform, lobbying, and mobilizing public opinion

Back 29

Executive Leadership

Front 30

The authority of the courts to declare laws or actions of government officials unconstitutional

Back 30

Judicial Review

Front 31

The 1803 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court enunciated the doctrine of judicial review.

Back 31

Marbury v. Madison

Front 32

President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s attempt to expand the size of the U.S. Supreme Court in an effort to obtain a Court more likely to uphold his New Deal legislation

Back 32

Court-packing plan

Front 33

The U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953-1969); an activist Court that expanded the rights of criminal defendants and racial and religious minorities

Back 33

The Warren Court

Front 34

The U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Warren burger (1969-1986). Issued important rulings on abortion and sexual discrimination.

Back 34

The Burger Court

Front 35

The U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice William Rehnquist (1986-)l a conservative Court, but still has no overturned most previous rulings

Back 35

Rehnquist Court

Front 36

The trial courts (lower level courts) in the federal system

Back 36

District Courts

Front 37

Intermediate courts between trial courts and the Supreme Court

Back 37

Courts of Appeals

Front 38

The authority of a court to hear and decide cases

Back 38

Jurisdiction

Front 39

Latin for “have ye the body.” A writ of habeas corpus is a means for criminal defendants who have exhausted appeals in state courts to appeal to a federal district court

Back 39

Habeas Corpus

Front 40

Cases in which governments prosecute persons for violating laws

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Criminal Cases

Front 41

Cases in which persons sue others for denying their rights and causing them harm

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Civil Cases

Front 42

An order issued by a higher court to a lower court to send up the record of a case for review; granting the writ is the usual means by which the U.S. Supreme Court agrees to hear a case

Back 42

Writ of certiorari

Front 43

Passed to protect those with disabilities from discrimination in employment and public accommodations, such as stores, restaurants, hotels, and health care facilities

Back 43

Americans with Disabilities Act

Front 44

Judges who are reluctant to overrule the other branches of government by declaring laws or actions of government officials unconstitutional

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Restrained Judges

Front 45

Judges who are not reluctant to overrule the other branches of government by declaring laws or actions of government officials unconstitutional.

Back 45

Activist Judges

Front 46

Latin for “stand by what has been decided.” The rule that judges should follow precedents established in previous cases by their court or higher court.

Back 46

Stare Decisis

Front 47

The first Amendment guarantee of a right of free expression

Back 47

Freedom of Speech

Front 48

Speech that encourages rebellion against the government

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Seditious Speech

Front 49

Methods of combating communism characterized by irresponsible accusations made on the basis of little or no evidence; named after Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin who used such tactics in the 1950s

Back 49

McCarthyism

Front 50

A public place such as a street, sidewalk, or park where people have a First Amendment right to express their views on public issues

Back 50

Public Forum

Front 51

Speech without any conduct (besides the speech itself).

Back 51

Pure Speech

Front 52

Speech combined with conduct that is intended to convey ideas; e.g., a sit-in (conduct) where the protesters chant slogans (speech)

Back 52

Speech plus conduct

Front 53

The use of symbols, rather than words, to convey ideas; e.g., wearing black armbands or burning the U.S. flag to protest government policy

Back 53

Symbolic Speech

Front 54

Guarantees the right of an individual to join with others to speak, assemble, and petition the government for a redress of grievances. This right allows a minority to pursue interests without being prevented from doing so by the majority

Back 54

Freedom of Association

Front 55

Censorship by restraining an action before it has actually occurred; e.g., forbidding publication rather than punishing the publisher after publication has occurred

Back 55

Prior Restraint

Front 56

Printed or broadcast statements that are false and tarnish someone’s reputation.

Back 56

Libel

Front 57

Sexual material that is patently offensive to the average person in the community and that lacks any serious literary, artistic, or scientific value.

Back 57

Obscenity

Front 58

Legal concept where government institutions are kept separate from religious ones

Back 58

Separation of Church and State

Front 59

The First Amendment clause that guarantees individuals the right to practice their religion without government intervention

Back 59

Free Exercise Clause

Front 60

The First Amendment clause that prohibits the establishment of a church officially supported by government

Back 60

Establishment Clause

Front 61

The guarantee that the government will follow fair and just procedures when prosecuting a criminal defendant

Back 61

Due process

Front 62

A rule that prevents evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment from being used in court against the defendant

Back 62

Exclusionary Rule

Front 63

A means of protecting a criminal suspect’s rights against self-incrimination during police interrogation

Back 63

Miranda Rights
-Right to remain silent
-Anything said can be used against you
-Right to an attorney
-If can’t afford attorney, will be provided one

Front 64

The Sixth Amendment’s guarantee of the right of a criminal defendant to have an attorney in any felony or misdemeanor case that might result in incarceration

Back 64

Right to Counsel

Front 65

Torture or any punishment that is grossly disproportionate to the offense

Back 65

Cruel and Unusual Punishment

Front 66

An agreement between the prosecutor, defense attorney, and defendant in which the prosecutor agrees to reduce the charge or sentence in exchange for the defendant’s guilty plea

Back 66

Plea Bargain

Front 67

A right to autonomy—to be left alone

Back 67

Right to Privacy

Front 68

U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Roe v. Wade established that women have a right to terminate a pregnancy during the first six months

Back 68

Right to Abortion

Front 69

Rehnquist court decision where individuals can refuse medical treatment, including food and water, even if this means they will die

Back 69

Right to Die

Front 70

An 1857 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court held that blacks, whether slave or free, were not citizens and that Congress had no power to restrict slavery in the territories

Back 70

Dred Scott Case

Front 71

The Fourteenth Amendment clause that is the Constitution’s primary guarantee that the government will treat everyone equally

Back 71

Equal protection Clause

Front 72

Laws enacted in the southern states that segregated schools, public accommodations, and almost all other aspects of life

Back 72

Jim Crow Laws

Front 73

The 1896 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld segregation by enunciating the separate-but-equal doctrine.

Back 73

Plessy v. Ferguson

Front 74

The principal, enunciated by the U.S. Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, that allowed separate facilities for blacks and whites as long as the facilities were equal.

Back 74

Separate-but equal doctrine

Front 75

An organization founded in 1909 to fight for black rights; its attorneys challenged segregation in the courts and won many important cases

Back 75

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

Front 76

Segregation imposed by law; outlawed by Brown v. Board of Education and subsequent court cases

Back 76

De jure segregation

Front 77

Segregation that is based on residential patterns and is not imposed by law; because it cannot be eliminated by striking down a law, it is more intractable than de jure segregation

Back 77

De facto segregation

Front 78

Agreements among neighbors in white residential areas not to sell their houses to blacks

Back 78

Restrictive covenants

Front 79

The practice in which realtors promoted segregation by showing black houses in black neighborhoods and white houses in white neighborhoods

Back 79

Steering

Front 80

The practice in which realtors would frighten whites in a neighborhood where a black family had moved by telling the whites that their houses would decline in value.

Back 80

Blockbusting

Front 81

The practice in which bankers and other lenders refused to lend money to persons who wanted to buy a house in a racially changing neighborhood

Back 81

Redlining

Front 82

Civil Right legislation that prohibits discrimination in the sale or rental of housing on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin

Back 82

Civil Right Act of 1968

Front 83

A proposed amendment to the Constitution that would prohibit government from denying equal rights on the basis of sex

Back 83

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Front 84

Equal Opportunity in Education Act that forbids discrimination on the bassis of sex in schools and colleges that receive federal aid

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Title IX

Front 85

A policy in job hiring or university admissions that gives special consideration to members of traditionally disadvantaged groups.

Back 85

Affirmative Action