American Government Clep: Rea The States: Civil Rights And Federalism

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Tenth Amendment

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"the powers not delegated to the US by the Constitution, nor prohibited by ti tot the States, are reserved tot he States respectively or to the people

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"government"

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used to mean states, now referred to to federal govt

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federalism

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political system that seeks to divide political power

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Layer-cake federalism

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implies that the powers of the central and state govts are separate but overlapping, distinguishable but overlapping--a little messy

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dual federalism

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a view that seeks clear distinctions between the govts--more complicated

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Cooperative federalism

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emphasizes the point that the responsibilities of state govts and the federal govt overlap; it takes into account that the state and federal govts often share responsibility (ie, environment)

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marble-cake federalism

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system in which the powers of the govts are mixed and swirled. (IE oil industry, regulations from both state and fed)

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states rights advocates

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believe power should be closer to home.

Alexander Hamilton (Federalist papers)

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Commerce clause

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Article 1, section 2.

enhance the power to regulate commerce that takes place between the states

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equal opportunity

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the notion that all Americans should have an equal chance to succeed in life

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equality of outcome

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an approach that strives to ensure that everybody enjoys equality

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affirmative action

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to "level the playing field." programs seek to encourage minorities or under-represented groups to apply for employment positions

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quotas (neg. connotation) or goals (positive)

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set aside a certain kinds of people--racial groups, ethnicities, males or females

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poll taxes

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a tax on voters (prevented many southern blacks from voting)

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Black codes/Jim Crow laws

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entrenched segregationist practices in state laws, lynching, directed mostly at black men during 1930s

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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challenged the Cmerican conscience lobbied govt officials, and made court challenges.

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desegregation of the military

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ordered by Pres. Truman

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de jure segregation

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segregation as matter of law

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de facto segregation

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segregation resulting from the fact that people of different colors lived in different areas and therefore went o different schools

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busing

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the transportation of white students to schools attended mainly by black students and vice versa

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964

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forbade discrimination on the basis of race, color, gender, religion, or national origin. the right of equality in employment and made discrimination illegal in restaurants and hotels because their business affected interstate commerce.

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

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sets policy to carry out civil rights laws and has the power to investigate whether the laws have been broken

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

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disallowed the tests used, primarily in Southern states, to prevent African Americans from voting

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Civil Rights Act of 1968

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outlawed discrimination in most kinds of housing

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Liberals

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tend to call for persistent govt action to eliminate the disparities.

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conservatives

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less inclined to ask govt to do most of the work. focus on local govt

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Declaration of Sentiments

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Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, drew on language from declaration of independence

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National Organization for Women (1966)

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1. equal pay for equal work
2. perceived glass ceiling that prevented women from advancing
3. wanted protection against sexual harassment and domestic violence
4.advocated against sexual advancement

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NARAL-pro choice and planned parenthood

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argue for abortion on demand

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Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

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"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on account of sex.

Since 1982, EAR has been introduced into every congress, but never gained momentum

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Equal Pay Act of 1963

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required equal pay for workt hat was substaially the same

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Title VII of the the civil rights act of 1964

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prohibited discrimination based on gender

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Title IX of the fed congress's education legislation of 1972

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"no person in the US shall, on basis of sex be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to the discrimination under and educational program or activity receiving federal aid"

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Nancy Pelosi

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2006 speaker of the house

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Condoleeza Rice

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2006 sec of state

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Sandra Day O'Connor and Ruth Bader Ginsburg

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supreme court justices

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cooperative federalism

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states and the national govt seek to work together to solve problems

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Pres Lyndon Jonson

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"war on poverty" and great society programs--medicare, medicaid, head start

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categorical grants

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grants funded specific to progjects

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block grants

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fed grants that have fewer strings attached to them

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unfunded mandates and the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (1995)

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obliges the Congressional Budget Office to determine when a mandate will cost a state a more than $50 million to carry out.

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Real ID Act

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called for uniformity in state identity documents.

critics, possibility of identity theft and invasion of privacy

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Immigration Reform Act of 1986

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aimed to penalized employers who hired illegal immigrants and gave it amnesty to most of the undocumented aliens in the country

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Immigration and Naturalization Service

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estimated that there are about 5 mill illegal immigrants

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Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

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signed by pres jyndon johnson, shift in origins of most immigrants w/ many fewer roming from western europs and more coming from latin america and asia

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Proposition 187

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california voted to deny public services to illegal immigrants, shot down by fed govt.

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devotion of powers

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shifting of powers (between state and fed)

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new federalism

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federalism has become less a partisan issue than in previous decades

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Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1966

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welfare programs to states