American Church History Midterm

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Lollards

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(1300's) Followers of John Wycliffe; they believed that the bible was the sole authority in religion and that every man had the right to read and interpret it for himself

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Johannes Gutenburg

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(1396-1468) a goldsmith who invented a mold to cast movable type and a press for using in print. He printed the Gutenburg Bible in 1461. The press dramatically reduced the cost of books and became a major stimulus to literacy, education and scholarship

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Movable Type

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Created by Gutenburg in the 1400's that eventually led to the printing of the first Gutenburg Bible.

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Humanism

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an intellectual and educational movement in the 1400's to rediscover the best ideas and virtues through classical Greek and Roman literature to bring a new "golden age" in western Europe.

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Erasmus

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(1466-1536) A scholar and reformer known as the "Prince of Humanists." He compiled the 1516 New Testament (First printed Greek NT) and translated into Latin. He found Valla's manuscript! He had a great influence on Calvin.

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Sir Thomas More

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(1478 – 1535), During his life he gained a reputation as a leading Renaissance humanist, an opponent of the Protestant Reformation of Martin Luther and for writing long treatises opposing William Tyndale and others who wished to see the Bible translated into the English language. For three years toward the end of his life he was Lord Chancellor.

More coined the word "utopia" - a name he gave to the ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system he described in Utopia, published in 1516. An important counsellor to Henry VIII of England, he was imprisoned, tried and executed for treason by beheading in 1535 after he had fallen out of favour with the king over his refusal to sign the Act of Supremacy 1534, which declared the king to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England, effecting a final split with the Catholic Church in Rome.

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William Tyndale

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(1494-1536) A reformer and a translator who wrote the first English Bible from the Hebrew and Greek text. He was tried and burned as a heretic. However the English Bible helped the Reformation spread throughout Europe.

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Anabaptists

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(1500's) "Re-Baptisers". Radical reformers that denied infant baptism, and favored "believer's baptism" in that one must chose their faith first. There were 2 branches: Swiss Brethren led by Conrad Grebel (pacifists). Munsterites were militant and apocolyptic that led to the Peasant's war.

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paedobaptism

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infant baptism, contrasts with believer's baptism.

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Priesthood of All Believers

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All Christians, not just clergy, have divine access to God. Whereas ancient priests needed to present blood sacrifices to qualify for access to God, Jesus' own sacrifice provided a once-for-all, access-qualifying atonement. Since he died for our sins, we now are empowered to converse with God confidently. This idea came during the Reformation.

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Book of Common Prayers

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Litergical aid developed by Cranmer in 1548 for the Church of England. It went through several revisions and is still used today. It contains prayers, psalms, and services for all occasions.

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Acts of Uniformity

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Late 1500's. Installed Book of Common Prayers as the regular form of worship.

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Covenant of Grace

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The covenant of grace promises eternal life for all people who receive forgiveness of sin through Christ.

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Covenant of Works

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It promised life for obedience and death for disobedience. Adam, and all mankind in Adam, broke the covenant, thus standing condemned. The covenant of works continues to function after the fall as the moral law.

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Archbishop William Laud

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1600's. Under the authoirty of King Charles I, he was assigned to root out opponents (Puritan Parliment) from the Anglican church

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King James I

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King of England, head of church, became anti-Puritan because they wouldn't follow orders.

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Henry Jacob

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(1563-1624) leader of the Particular Baptists. They believed that Christ's death had a saving significance only for those particular souls regenerated by the Holy Spirit.-Calvinist tradition.

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Thomas Helwys

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(1550-1616) Established the first Baptist church in England in 1612. They believed that local church should control their own business, magistrates should have power over them, and believer's baptism.

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Pilgrims

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In the United States the word "Pilgrims" usually refers to the English settlers of New England, who celebrated the "First Thanksgiving" with the Native Americans in 1621.

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King Charles I

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(1600-49) Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles believed was divinely ordained. Many of his English subjects opposed his actions, in particular his interference in the English and Scottish Churches and the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent which grew to be seen as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. he went in Civil War with the Puritan Parliment and lost twice. Charles was tried and executed.

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Anne Hutchinson

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(1591-1943) An English immigrant to the Mass Bay Colony. She held the "inner light" theology, that anyone can have direct access to God for Bible interpretation and prophesy. She was also accused of Antinomianism. Her family was killed in an Indian attack.

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Antinomianism

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the assertion that Christians do not need the law for salvation. We have the Holy Spirit and thus not bound by the law. Salvation was by grace and not by works of the law.

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Meeting House

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Meetings where women (and some men) gathered to discuss sermons and other spiritual concerns (led by Anne)

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The Cambridge Platform

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(1648) a doctrinal statement for the Puritan non-separatist Congregational churchs in Colonial America. The final version was written by Richard Mather. He defined congregational church government and in time became almost a constitution of Congregationalism.

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Half-Way Covenant

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backsliding 2nd gen New Englanders could bring their 3rd gen kids for baptism and a halfway membership, but couldn't recieve the Lord's Supper or vote until proof of conversion.

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John Harvard

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in 1636, this young minister left a library of 400 volumes to this new institution, thus they named it Harvard College.

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Henry Dunster

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(1609-1659) The first true president of Harvard College. He was born in England and educated at Cambridge University before immigrating to the colonies in the 1640's. He brought the Cambridge model of education. His adoption of believer's baptism and a refusal to have his son baptised led to his dismissal in 1653

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Jeremiad

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(1600's) a unique American Puritan service rooted in Covenant Theology. It was named after the weeping prophet Jeremiah. They would have a day long corporate and personal confession, followed by days of prayer and fasting. They believe God will discipline them for unconfessed sins.

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Philipp Spener

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(1635-1705) Early leader of the German pietist movement, he called Lutherans to engage in small group meetings which stressed Bible study, prayer, mutual confession and spiritual accountability. These "pious colleges" began in his home and soon spread.

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August Franke

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(1663-1727) A German pietest leader and a Greek professor at the University of Halle. A social reformer and an educator, Franke founded a "poor school", an orphanage, a dispensary and a publishing house. Spener was his mentor, and Franke became the key leader after he died.

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Cotton Mather

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(1663-1728) a leading Congregationalist in Mass Bay. Son of John Cotton. His work "Memorable Providences Relating to Witchcraft" played a major role in sparking the Salem witch trials of 1692.

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Roger Williams

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(1582-1650) After graduating from Cambridge university, he immigrated to Mass and ministered as a Puritan teacher in the Boston Church. His insistence on the separation of church and state, and on fair dealings with the Native Americans led to his exile from the colony in 1635. The next year, he founded the Providence settlement and established the frist Baptist church in the New World in 1639. Rhode Island colony was chartered by the crown as a place of religious tolerance.

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Seekers

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A radical Protestant sect that began in England in the 1600's and spread to the colonies. They believe that the true church of Jesus Christ no longer existed on earth, sought after a new church authenticated by the presence of new apostles. Roger Williams later joined this group after a brief period as a Baptist. Most seekers later joined Quaker fellowships.

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George Fox

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(1624-1691) Founder of the Quakers in England. He began a quest to find the true church, but failed. He felt led to start a new fellowship which began in 1646, based on the Inner Light theology. Fox's movement abandoned the idea of a formal clergy in favor of a model of worship in which the Spirit could speak through any Christian man, woman, or child. Their aggresive missionary activities, non conformist ways and rejection of established religion led to their persecution, especially in the American colonies.

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Inner Light

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a doctrine supported by certain Anabaptist groups, Quakers, and Anne Huchinson. It was a revelation by the Holy Spirit for short term prophesy or illumination of scripture.

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Henry Muhlenberg

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(1711-1787) Organizer of American Lutheranism. Born in Germany and educated for ministry in German University. After ordination in 1739 he accepted a call to America to work in a Lutheran Church in Philedelphia. He was distrustful of the revivalism in the Great Awakening.

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Count Zinzendorf

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(1700-60) A german pietist and founder of the Moravian Brethren, he is famous for establishing the evangelical colony Herrnhut on his estate in Germany as well as other colonies in Europe and North America. He did ecumenical efforts in love for Christ and service to others. He emphasized the importance of music for personal expression of faith.

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John Wesley

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(1703-1791) A leading revivalist of the 1700's and founder of Methodism. Helped organize the Holy Club at Oxford. He labored unsuccessfully as a missionary in the American colony of Georgia before returning to England and experiencing a religious conversion in 1738. Not welcomed in established churches, he became an open air revivalist highly successful. His methodist church profoundly influenced his native England, America, and through mission outreach, the world.

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George Whitefield

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(1714-1770) he joined the Holy Club at Oxford University and was influenced by John and Charles Wesley. He got ordained as an Anglican Preacher and became an effective open-air revivalist in England, Scotland, and the American Colonies. Known as the "Grand Itinerant" because of his numerous travels, renowned for his persuasive sermons and great sincerity. His strong Reformed theology led to a break from the Wesleys.

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Log College

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Founded in 1726. A training school for Presbyterian ministers in the American colonies by William Tennent. It turned into College of New Jersey, then the future Princeton University. The men of Log College, often called Hot Gospellers, were revivialst in orientation. Their success and growth led to the Old Side and New Side split in the Presby church.

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William Tennent

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(1673-1745) A Scottish immigrant to Pennsylvania, he was an influential Presby educator who is credited with starting the Log College, a Presby training school, that was to become the College of New Jersey, and later Princeton University

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Gilbert Tennent

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(1703-1764) A Presby revivalist during the American Great Awakening. He had great success but was also severely criticized for revivalistic emotionalism. His response, in a famous sermon "The Danger of an Uncoverted Ministry" divided supporters and critics of revival.

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Solomon Stoddard

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(1643-1729) Grandpa of Jonathan Edwards, a Puritan Congregationalist minister in Mass. He was key in relaxing the requirements for receiving the Lord's Supper, allowing Christians who had been baptised but were not devout practicing Christians to receive the communion elements.

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Jonathan Edwards

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(1703-1758) Puritan Congregationalist Pastor, revivalist, and theologian, he was one of the most influential thinkers of colonial America. A child prodigy, he recieved his MA from Yale and became a pastor in Mass. He led a revival in the mid-1730s. Attacked by critics of emotionalism, Edwards wrote A Faithful Narritive, the first salvo in the divisive "religious affection" controversy. Later he became the president of College of New Jersey, but died of smallpox.

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David Brainerd

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(1718-1747) a Presby missionary in the Great Awakening. Known for his missionary efforts to the Native Americans of the middle colonies in 1745-46. He went to Yale but got dismissed for talking smack on a tutor: had no more grace than a chair. haha. He ministered under the SPCK. The revivalist Edwards who was the father of Brainerd's fiancee, published the journal after Brainerd's untimely death.

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General Baptists

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Baptists who hold to a free will position or modified Arminianism. The term general refers to the atoning work of Christ's bloodshed for all humanity.

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Particular Baptists

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Baptists who were Calvinistic and held to a limited atonement view: the redeeming blood of Christ was efficacious only for the sins of the elect. They flourished in America and sometimes were called Strict Baptists.

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S.P.C.K.

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Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, found by Thomas Bray in 1700. It provided books in theologly and related subjects for ministers and interested laypeople

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S.P.G.

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1700. Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts sponsored missionary work on behalf of the Church of England, first among the Native Americans and later in settled areas such as New England.

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Samuel Davies

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(1723-1761) A Presby evangelist in the Awakening, he was an advocate for getting the "hot gospellers" of Log College licensed to preach in Anglican-dominated Virginia. Later, he raised money for College of New Jersey, and served briefly as president in 1759.

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Devereux Jarratt

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(1733-1801) On of the few colonial Anglican revivalists during the Great Awakening, he was ordained in 1763 and became rector of the church in Bath, Virginia. His low church views made him unpopular with his fellow churchmen but warmly accepted by the Methodists. He parted company with the Methodists when they formally broke with the Anglican church.

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Shubal Stearns

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(1706-1771) Leading Baptist revivalist in the Great Awakening in the South, he accepted a call to the Baptist Church in Sandy Creek, North Carolina. A dynamic and highly emotional preacher, his great influence in the 1760's led to the establishment of the Sandy Creek Association of Separate Baptists.

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Deism

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Called "the religion of the Enlightenment." deism flourished in the 1700's France and England and soon found its way to America. it was advanced by the discovery of the telescope, which charted the vast heavens, and the microscope. God is the "infinite architect" who made the universe and left it. There is no divine revelation in Scripture, no God-man savior, no personal god who hears prayers. God can only be known through his creation.

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W.E. Channing

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(1780-1842) A liberal Congregationalist who promoted Unitarianism. He graduated from Harvard, and pastored in Boston. He spoke out against the doctrines of the Trinity, total deprivity, and the the substitutionary atonement of Christ.

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Charles Chauncy

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(1705-1787) Leader of the Old Light anti-revival movement within New England Congregationalism. He wrote "Seasonable Thoughts on the State of Religion in New England" against Edwards' emotional conversions. He was a liberal who emphasized human reasoning, universal salvation, and an advocate of the American Revolution.

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Thomas Paine

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(1737-1809) The son of a Quaker, Paine won fame during the American Revolution with his pamphlets in favor of rebellion, such as "Common Sense." After the war, he wrote against the European aristocracy and against the Christian church. Paine was a diest, and his work, "The Age of Reason", was both a defense of deism and an attack on Christian orthodoxy.