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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does an allosteric inhibitor do? Give an example.
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An allosteric inhibitor decreases enzyme affinity for a substrate. An example is ATP.
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Which allosteric inhibitor is part of the TCA cycle in mitochoncria that prouduced ATP?
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citrate.
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For a cell to have a particular enzyme activity, what two things must a gene have?
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presence and expression.
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A cells activity depends on these four things
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1. substrate specifity,
2. Km, 3. concentration of reactants, 4. allosterism (activating or inhibiting) |
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Name five enzyme regulating processes.
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1. Post-translational modification,
2. Binding regulatory molecules, 3. Protein-Protein interactions 4. Targeted Degregation 5. Protein Phosphorylation |
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this mechanism for enzyme regulation turns enzymes on and off, an example is protein phosphorylation
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Post-translational modifications
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Binding of regulatory proteins may also do what to enzymes and other proteins?
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signal their molecules
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Enzymes in a complex with regulatory subunits that affect the activity of the enzyme is called what?
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Protein-Protein interactions
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The specific degregation of proteins is another way that cells can regulate enzymes expressed by cells is called what?
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Targete degregation.
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How many processes does Protein Phosphorylation involve?
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Two.
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What two distinct processes does protein phosphorylation involve?
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1. Enzymes called kinases transfer phosphate from ATP to protein substrate,
2. Enzymes called phosphatases cleave phosphate from the protein to return the protein to original state and release inorganic phosphate. |
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Which steps have kinases and phosphatases in protein phosphorylation?
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Kinases are in the first step, phosphatases are in the second step.
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Phosphorylation provides a mechanism for what?
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reversible modification of proteins to regulate their functions.
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Does phosphoylation happen only in multicellular organisms?
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No, this protein mechanisms enzymes is found in bacteria and algae as well.
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What are the products of protein kinases?
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phospholated protein and ADP
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What are six examples of protein kinases given?
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PKA, PKC, CaM kinase, cdk, MLCK, src
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What are PKA, PKC, CaM kinase, cdk, MLCK, src protein kinases?
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1.PKA: cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase
2.PKC:Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent kinase 3.CaM kinase: calmodulin-dependent kinases 4.cdk: cyclin-dependent kinase 5.MLCK: myosin light chain kinase (role in contraction of smooth muscle cells) 6. src: transforming gene from avian sarcoma virus |
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How many kinases in the human Kinome?
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500 kinases.
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How are protein phosphatases ordered?
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Type 1, 2A, 2B
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What are the two products of protein phosphophatases?
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dephosphorylated protein and Pi
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Okadeic acid (shellfish/red tide) and microcystins (produced by toxic blue/green algae)are newly discovered toxins and liver carcinogens are also what?
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Phosphatase inhibitors
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What has wider substrate specificity than protein kinases?
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Protein Phosphates.
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What has wider substrate specifity than protein kinases?
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Protein Phrosphatases.
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What has wider substrate specifity than protein kinases?
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Protein Phrosphatases.
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In specific sequences on the surface of protein hydroxyl-containing amino acids in specific sequences are what?
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Phosphorolation sites in proteins
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Kinases do what two things?
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utilize ATP by attaching it to a protein amino acid and recognizes substrates
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Kinases are made from what groups?
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A) Ser/Thr
B) Tyr C) Both Ser/Thr and Tyr |
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Ser/Thr kinases are what?
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Short akile groups only differing by the CH2 group
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Tyr kinases are what kind of group?
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Big Bulky groups.
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What does "dual specificity" in kinases mean?
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The kinases are both Ser/Thr and Tyr. (they are both short akile groups with differing CH2 groups and big bulky groups)
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What are the specificites of kinsases?
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Ser/Thr, Tyr or both
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Specificity is determined by what two things?
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the protein expresse in the cell and the local area of the cell
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What reflects the expressed protein?
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The cells phenotype
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What is often the same from cell to cell for a protein to be expressed?
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kinases
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What is the same for a protein to be expressed in a cell?
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second messangers/activators (cAMP, Ca^2+, DG ext.
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Cells use their priming to react to kinases as what happens?
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Phosphorolation of the cells.
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Substrate proteins that a cell expresses gives rise to what?
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the cell's specific response
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Many genes need to be turned on for critical steps in this complex mechanism, such as the critical central pathway, 4 kineases and the lots of genes involved
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Phosporylation cascades
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Phosphorylation cascades allows for what kind of network?
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hiarchal network
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glycogen->glucose->pyrate mechanism does what?
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In phosphorylation cascades it activates one an inactivates the other pathway back tracking like veins and arteries.
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What are two purposes of phosphorylation cascades?
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1. initiation of cell growth
2. control of glucose metabolism |
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In phosphorylation cascades the breakdown of glycogen in the process of glycolysis forms what, to do what?
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ATP is formed in glycolysis to initate cell growth.
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the synthesis of glycogen is also called what?
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gluconeogenesis
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What is the difference between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
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glycolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to form ATP,
gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen |
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turn on glycolysis and inhibit gluconeogenesis (or vice versa) so
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active and inactive enzymes swootch on and off during phosphorylation
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