Allied Chapter 6 Integumentary And Body Membranes

Front 1

Integumentary system

Back 1

the skin and its appendages, which include accessory structures such as the hair, nails, and skin glands.

Front 2

skin

Back 2

anatomically simple, but functionally important, sheet-like structures called membranes. It is considered an organ.
1. provides protection
2. sense organ activity
3. temperature regulation

Front 3

two major categories of body membranes:

Back 3

1. Epithelial membrane
a. cutaneous
b. mucus
c. serous
2. Connective tissue membrane, or synovial DOES NOT CONTAIN EPITHELIAL COMPONENTS.

Front 4

cutaneous (skin) membrane

Back 4

primary organ of the integumentary system, the skin. it is thick, relatively waterproof, and dry.
1. stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis)
2. underlying connective tissues (dermis)

Front 5

serous (membrane)

Back 5

* a two-layer epithelial membrane that lines body cavities
* covers the surfaces of of closed body cavities and organs.
* secrete a thin, watery fluid that helps reduce friction and serves as a lubricant when the organs rub against each other or the cavities that contain them
* ie. thorack cavity - pleura; abdominal cavity - peritoneum
composed of:
1. parietal layer - lines the walls of body cavities, much like wallpaper.
2. visceral layer - covers the surfaces of organs found in body cavities.

Front 6

mucous (membrane)

Back 6

epithelial membrane that lines body surfaces opening directly to the exterior and secretes a thick, slippery material called mucus. ie. membranes lining the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

Front 7

synovial

Back 7

connective tissue membrane lining the spaces between bones and joints (bursae) and secretes synovial fluid. DOES NOT CONTAIN EPITHELIAL COMPONENTS.
synovial fluid- thick colorless lubricating fluid

Front 8

Epithelial membrane

Back 8

composed of epithelial tissue and an underlying layer of specialized connective tissue,
1. cutaneous membrane (skin)
2. serous membrane- only on surfaces with closed cavities
a. epithelial sheet - thin layer of simple squamous
b. basement membrane - holds and support the epithelial cells
3. mucous membrane
to identify the areas of the body that each serves.

Front 9

Connective tissue membrane (synovial)

Back 9

connective tissue membrane - it is found lining the spaces between joints and bones (joint cavities). ie. elbows, shoulders and knees.
* does not contain any epithelium (no layers)
* lines cavities that do not lead to the outside
* secretes a fluid (synovial fluid) to prevent friction.

Front 10

epidermis

Back 10

The outer layer of skin. protects the body from invading microorganisms
1. consists of tightly packed epithelial cells
2. new layers are formed approximately each month
3. has no blood supply of its own, oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the dermal blood vessels into the epidermis.
two main layers:
a. stratum germinativum
b. stratum corneum
ie. hair shaft

Front 11

dermis

Back 11

the underlying connective tissue layer of skin. contains the majority of the skin appendages.
1. considered the true skin
2. mostly connective tissue, thicker than epidermis
3. Nerves and capillaries of the skin emerge from this area
ie. hair follicle and dermal papilla

Front 12

bursae

Back 12

small cushion-like sacs that are found between moving body parts

Front 13

appendages

Back 13

attachments

Front 14

subcutaneous (hypodermis) tissue

Back 14

A thick layer of loose connective tissue and fat

Front 15

Hair

Back 15

1. shaft - visible part of the hair - epidermis
2. hair papilla - caps shaped cluster of cells from from which hair emerges in the follicle (begins growing) - dermis
3. follicle - large hair bulb, growth of the epidermal cells into the dermis forming a small tube - dermis
4. hair root -part of the hair hidden in the follicle

Front 16

Nails

Back 16

*considered an accessory organ of the skin
*produced by cells in the epidermis
Parts (top down)
1. Free edge
2. Nail body
3. Lunula
4. Cuticle
5. Nail root
*nail bed - thin layer of epidermis under the nail

Front 17

Exocrine glands associated with skin

Back 17

1. Sebaceous - secrete oil, found in all areas that have hair. creates "blackheads"
2. Sudoriferous -sweat glands
a. Eccrine gland
b. Apocrine gland

Front 18

sebum

Back 18

lubricates and helps waterproof the hair and skin and inhibits the growth of bacterial on the surface of the skin.

Front 19

eccrine gland

Back 19

* most numerous, and most important sweat gland
*sweat gland that assists in the elimination of waste products and are distributed throughout the body.

Front 20

Meissner's corpuscle

Back 20

close to the skin surface and detects sensation of light touch
*located in the dermis

Front 21

arrector pili

Back 21

the tiny smooth muscle that is attached to the papilla and follicle.
*"goose bumps" when cold or frightened

Front 22

Apocrine Gland

Back 22

sweat gland primarily in the armpits and in the pigmented skin areas around the genitals.
*thick, milky secretion and has an odor. bathing and deodorants eliminate the odor.

Front 23

Skin Functions

Back 23

1. Protection - protects internal structures and organs from sun, cuts, chemicals and microorganisms
2. Temperature regulation - sweating releases heat and regulates blood flow close to the surface
3. Sense organ activity - nerve receptors serve as receivers for the body to communicate changes in the environment for protection and pleasure.

Front 24

habits for healthy skin

Back 24

1. good nutrition
2. cleanliness
3. avoid exposure to UV rays

Front 25

lesion

Back 25

any measurable variation from the normal structure of a tissue.

*are not always indicative of a disease disorder.
ie. freckle.

Front 26

Burn Depth Classification (severity)

Back 26

is based upon the layer or layers of tissue involved.
1. First-degree burns cause minimal damage to the epidermis. (sunburn)
2. Second-degree burns descend into the dermis and may cause scarring. (vesicle)
3. Third-degree burns destroy both epidermis and dermis and extend down into the subcutaneous tissue; these can be very serious. If these burns are too severe or cover a large area of the body, death may occur.
4. Fourth-degree burns are full thickness burns that extend below the subcutaneous tissue to reach muscle or bone. Treatment may require extensive skin grafting, and even amputation of limbs.

Front 27

Burn Determination factors

Back 27

1. depth and number of tissue layers involved
2. total body surface area affected
3. type of homeostatic mechanism, such as respiratory or blood pressure control and fluid and electrolyte balance, that are damaged or destroyed.

Front 28

"rule of nines"

Back 28

*used to determine the body surface area that has been burned.
*the body is divided into 11 area's of 9% each, 1% to genitals.

9% head
9% each arm - 4.5% each side
18% each leg - 9% each side
18% each side of the trunk
1% genitals

Front 29

skin susceptible to:

Back 29

1. viruses
2. bacteria
3. fungi
4. parasites

Front 30

dermatosis

Back 30

Any disorder of the skin

Front 31

dermatitis

Back 31

Skin disorders that involve inflammation of the skin

Front 32

Vascular dermatitis

Back 32

hives or pressure sores, and inflammatory conditions, such as eczema or psoriasis

Front 33

skin infections

Back 33

1. impetigo
2. Tinea
3. Warts
4. Boils
5. Scabies

Front 34

Vascular disorders

Back 34

1. Decubitus Ulcer
2. Scleroderma
3. Uticaria

Front 35

Inflammatory disorders

Back 35

1. Psoriasis
2. Contact dermatitis
3. eczema
4. hives (urticaria)
5. pressure sores (decubitus ulcers or bed sores)

Front 36

decubitus ulcers (bed sores)

Back 36

pressure sores from lying in one position for extended periods.

Front 37

skin cancer (most common types)

Back 37

1. Squamous cell carcinoma
2. Basal cell carcinoma
3. Malignant melanoma

Front 38

Warning signs of Malignant Melanoma

Back 38

identified with the ABCD rules of examination:
1. Asymmetry (asymmetrical)
2. Border (irregular)
3. Color (unevenly colored)
4. Diameter (larger than ¼ inch)

Front 39

Kaposi sarcoma

Back 39

rarer type of skin cancer. has increased in parts of the world where there is a significant number of reported AIDS cases.

Front 40

pleurisy

Back 40

very painful pathological condition characterized by inflammation of the serious membrane (pleura) that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs. pain is caused by irritation and friction as the lungs rub against the walls of the chest cavity.

Front 41

peritonitis

Back 41

inflammation of the serous membranes in the abdominal cavity.
*sometimes a complication of an infected appendix

Front 42

mucocutaneous junction

Back 42

the area that serves as a point of "fusion" where skin and mucous membranes meet.
ie. eyelids, nasal openings, vulva, and anus

Front 43

Sebaceous gland

Back 43

secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair
*located in the dermis

Front 44

stratum germinativum (pigment layer)

Back 44

inner-most layer (deepest) of the epithelial cells of the epidermis. cells undergo mitosis and reproduce themselves.
* lets the skin repair itself if injured.
* produces the pigment melanin that gives color to the skin.
* pigment = paint

Front 45

strata

Back 45

layers of cells

Front 46

keratin

Back 46

a tough, waterproof material that provides cells in the outer layer of the skin with horny, abrasion-resistant, and protective quality. Keratin cells are continually pushed to the surface.

Front 47

stratum corneum

Back 47

the tough outer layer of the epidermis.

Front 48

melanocytes

Back 48

pigment producing cells in the stratum germinativum or pigment layer.

Front 49

cyanosis

Back 49

when blood oxygen levels decrease or if actual blood flow is reduced dramatically, the skin turns a bluish gray color

Front 50

vitiliago

Back 50

a condition characterized by patch looking areas of light skin resulting from the acquired loss of epidermal melanocytes.
*vitiligo = calf
*apparently genetic

Front 51

albinism

Back 51

characterized by a partial or total lack of melanin pigment in the skin and eyes.

Front 52

freckle

Back 52

small flat macules that most often occur as a genetic trait in light-skinned individuals. usually confined to the face, arms and back.

Front 53

blister

Back 53

* small pocket of fluid within the upper layers of the skin, typically caused by forceful rubbing (friction), burning, freezing, chemical exposure or infection
* forms at the junction of the dermis and epidermis

Front 54

dermal-epidermal junction

Back 54

the junction that exists between the thin epidermial layer of the skin above and the dermal layer below

Front 55

dermal papillae

Back 55

upper region of the dermis that is characterized by parallel rows of peg-like projections
*helps bind skin layers together
*has ridges and grooves
*helpful in fingerprinting

Front 56

Friction ridge

Back 56

present on the skin of the fingers and toes, and on the palms and soles of the feet, which make contact with an incident surface under normal touch.
* help us to walk upright without slipping
* to help make and hold tools
* used for fingerprinting

Front 57

striae (stretch marks)

Back 57

skin is stretched beyond the ability of the elastic and connective tissue elements in the dermis to rebound.

Front 58

strawberry hemangioma

Back 58

a collection of dilated vessels that may initially appear as a bruise at birth and then grow rapidly during the first year into a bright red mass
* most will shrink, fade, and disappear without treatment by age 7

Front 59

port-wine stain

Back 59

* pigmented vascular birthmark
* permanent and do not fade with age
* can be slightly minimized with laser therapy

Front 60

stork bite

Back 60

dilation of dermal capillaries at the nape of the neck in a baby that occur during development
* birthmark
* present in 50% to 70% of newborns
* often persist for life
* generally covered by hair and are inconspicuous

Front 61

lanugo

Back 61

* lanugo = down
* fine and soft hair of a newborn
* present over most of the body in premature infants

Front 62

alopecia

Back 62

hair loss of any kind

Front 63

alopecia areata

Back 63

sudden loss of hair in a round or oval patch on the scalp
*sometimes associated with endocrine or metabolic disease

Front 64

alopecia totalis

Back 64

most often in young people a total loss of scalp hair

Front 65

lamellar (pacini) corpuscle

Back 65

detects pressure deep in the dermis

Front 66

2 skin receptors

Back 66

1. lamellar (pacini) corpuscle
2. tactile (Meissner) corpuscle

Front 67

onycholysis

Back 67

loosening of the nail from the nail bed with a resulting separation that starts at the distal or free edge of the affected nail.

Front 68

pore

Back 68

pinpoint-size opening on the skin

Front 69

acne vulgaris

Back 69

* most common form of acne
* occurs most frequently in adolescence (10- 19)
* caused by oversecretion of sebum results in blocked sebaceous gland

Front 70

papules

Back 70

inflamed lesions from acne vulgaris (zits)

Front 71

pustules

Back 71

pus-filled pimples

Front 72

extractor

Back 72

surgical instrument to remove blackhead and whiteheads

Front 73

skin grafts

Back 73

transplantation of skin
*usually for burns, disease or trauma

Front 74

impetigo

Back 74

highly contagious bacterial skin infection most common among pre-school children.
* starts as a reddish discoloration (erythema), then develops into vesicles and yellowish crusts
* caused by staphyloccal or streptococcal infections

Front 75

Tinea

Back 75

* any of a variety of skin mycoses
* occassionaly fissures or cracks develop in creases in the epidermis
ie. Ringworm, jock itch and athletes foot

Front 76

warts

Back 76

caused by papilloma virus
benign neoplasm of the skin
can transform and become malignant

Front 77

boil

Back 77

* also called a furuncle, is a deep folliculitis, infection of the hair follicle
* caused by infection by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus

Front 78

scabies

Back 78

* contagious skin infection caused by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei
* transmitted during skin to skin contact

Front 79

carbuncles

Back 79

a group of untreated boils may fuse into even larger pus-filled lesion

Front 80

excoriation

Back 80

secondary bacterial infection from scabies. results from scratching the itchy infested areas.

Front 81

urticaria (hives)

Back 81

characterized by raised red lesions called wheals. associated with severe itching.

Front 82

scleroderma

Back 82

*a chronic systemic autoimmune disease affecting blood vessels and connective tissues of the skin. *characterized by fibrosis (or hardening -"sclero"),
*hard skin

Front 83

psoriasis

Back 83

an immune-mediated disease that affects the skin. It is typically a lifelong condition. There is currently no cure, but various treatments can help to control the symptoms.
*characterized by silvery white, scale-like plaques that remain fixed on the skin for months.
*excessive rate of epithelial growth

Front 84

eczema

Back 84

*most common inflammatory condition of the skin
*inflammation accompanied by papules, vesicles, and crusts.
*not a disease rather a sign or symptom of an underlying condition.
ie. contact dermatitis

Front 85

squamous cell carcinoma

Back 85

*most common type of skin cancer
*slow-growing, malignant tumor of the epidermis
*will metastasize if not treated

Front 86

basal cell carcinoma

Back 86

* usually occurs on the upper face
* less likely to metastasiz

Front 87

melanoma

Back 87

* most serious form of skin cancer
* can develop from a pigmented nevus (mole)
* untreated causes death in 1 in 4 patients

Front 88

free nerve endings

Back 88

respond to pain and changes in temperature

Front 89

Melanin

Back 89

natural pigment found in the skin. prevents the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays from penetrating the interior of the body

Front 90

melanocytes

Back 90

* gives the skin color
* found in the epidermal layer

Front 91

Elevated Skin Leisons

Back 91

1. Papule - firm raised lesion < 1 cm. - wart
2. Plaque - lg raised lesion >1 cm- caused by friction
3. Vesicle - thin walled blister filled with fluid < 1 cm. - blister or non-genital herpes
4. Pustule - elevated lesion filled with pus - acne
5. Buila -thin-walled blister > 1 cm blister
6. crust - scab; area with dried blood or exudate -scab
7. Wheal (hive) - firm, raised area of irregular shape with a light center - drug sensitive hives

Front 92

Flat Lesions

Back 92

1. Macule - Area distinguished from surrounding skin by color < 1 cm. - freckle
2. Patch - Macules > 1 cm. - Vitiligo

Front 93

Depressed Lesions

Back 93

1. Excoriation - area in which epidermis is missing, exposing the dermis - scratch
2. Atrophy - skin level depressed, showing loss of tissue - striae (bands or stripes) - stretch marks
3. Ulcer - crater-like lesion caused by disintegration of skin - bedsore
4. Fissure - liner crack or break from epidermis to dermis - athletes foot.