Allied Chapter 13 Heart And Heart Disease

Front 1

cardiovascular (circulatory) system consists of the:

Back 1

* Heart, which serves as a pump to maintain an adequate flow of blood
* Blood vessels, which serve as a closed system of ducts to transport blood beginning and ending at the heart
* supplies our cells' transportation needs

Front 2

heart

Back 2

* weighs between 7 and 15 ounces (200 to 425 grams) and is a little larger than the size of your clenched fist
* heart muscle or myocardium
* located between the lungs in the lower portion of the mediastinum
* It lies pointing toward the left side of the body and because of this, two thirds of the heart is to the left of the midline of the body and one third is located to the right
* The lower pointed end of the heart is the apex.
* the base of the heart is superior to the apex
* Posteriorly, the heart rests against the bodies of the fifth to the eighth thoracic vertebrae.
* heart has four chambers:
* cone shaped, hollow and muscular, considered a double pump
* sole purpose is to deliver blood to the circulatory system.
* It is actually just two pumps that distribute blood to all parts of the body. One each on the left and right sides of the heart. via pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

Front 3

mediastinum

Back 3

* subdivision in the midportion of the thoracic cavity

Front 4

Chambers of the Heart

Back 4

The heart has four chambers:
* upper chambers are called the left and right atria and are separated by a wall of muscle called the septum
* The portion of the septum between the two atria is known as the interatrial septum.
* serve as low-pressure containers which collect blood from the circulatory system and deliver it to the ventricles.

* The lower chambers are called the left and right ventricles which also are separated by the septum
* This portion of the septum is called the interventricular septum
* larger, thicker and more muscular than the atria the ventricles pump blood to the circulatory system.
* The left ventricle is the largest and strongest chamber in the heart. The chamber walls of the left ventricle are only about a half-inch thick, but they have enough force to push blood through the aortic valve and into the body.

Front 5

septum

Back 5

* separates the heart into two functioning units
* a muscular partition
* interatrial septum - separates the atrial
* interventricular septum separates the ventricles.

Front 6

Heart Wall

Back 6

Three layers of tissue make up the heart wall:
1. epicardium
2. myocardium
3. endocardium

Front 7

epicardium

Back 7

* the outer layer and means on the heart
* It is a serous layer and is also known as the visceral pericardium

Front 8

myocardium

Back 8

* the muscular tissue layer made up of cardiac muscle cells. muscle tissue
* the thickest layer of heart tissue

Front 9

endocardium

Back 9

* The inner lining of the heart is a delicate layer of endothelial tissue that lines every chamber of the heart
* very thin and smooth
* lines the heart chambers

Front 10

pericardium

Back 10

* A double-layered membrane (lining) called the pericardium surrounds the heart like a sac.
1. parietal pericardium
2. visceral pericardium or epicardium

* pericardial space - space in between the two pericardium layers

* pericardial fluid - A coating of fluid separates the two layers of membrane, letting the heart move as it beats and yet remain attached to the body in the

Front 11

parietal pericardium

Back 11

* outer layer of the pericardium
* fits around the heart like a loose-fitting sac allowing enough room for the heart to beat.

Front 12

visceral pericardium or epicardium

Back 12

* The inner layer of the pericardium
* covers the heart snugly

Front 13

Heart Valves and Sounds

Back 13

Four types of valves direct blood flow through your heart and prevent backflow:
1. tricuspid
2. mitral valve or bicuspid
3. pulmonary
4. aortic

Front 14

atrioventricular valve or AV valves

Back 14

* type of heart valve
* helps direct and control the blood direction along with the semilunar valves
* prevent backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract.
* they are located between the atria and the ventricles
1. tricuspid valve - right, 3 flaps. assists blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle. located between the right atrium and ventricle.
2. mitral valve or bicuspid valve (left) - 2 flaps. allows oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle. located between the left atrium and ventricle

Front 15

semilunar valves or SL valves

Back 15

* type of heart valve
* helps direct and control the blood direction along with the AV valves
* they have flaps that resemble a half moon: semi- (half) and lunar (moon)
1. pulmonary semilunar valve - located at the beginning of the pulmonary artery. directs blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries to be transported to the lungs to pick up oxygen. prevents it from flowing back into the ventricle.
2. aortic semilunar valve - located at the beginning of the aorta. directs the flow of oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle into the aorta to be delivered to the entire body and prevents back flow into this ventricle

Front 16

"lub dup" sounds

Back 16

* apical beat, rhythmical and repetitive
* sound heard through a stethoscope are the vibrations and closures of the heart valves during contraction and relaxation on the anterior chest wall.

lub - caused by the vibration and abrupt closure of the atrioventricular valves as the ventricles contract. this prevents blood from rushing back up into the atria during contraction of the ventricles. its is longer in duration and lower in pitch than the "dup". first sound is made by both the mitral (bicuspid) and the tricuspid valves

dup - caused by the closing of both the semilunar valves when the ventricles undergo relaxation or diastole. second heart sound is made by the semilunar valves

the pause between the lub and dup is shorter than that after the second sound and the lub.

Front 17

Heart Valve Disorders

Back 17

* Abnormal sounds are heard when there is pathology of the valves

* congenital defects in valve structure can result in mild to severe pumping inefficiency.

Front 18

mitral valve stenosis

Back 18

* type of heart disease
* They are called heart murmurs and may be due to stenosis (narrowing) of the valve or incompetent valves, which is a backflow of blood due to an incomplete closure of a valve.

Front 19

incompetent valves

Back 19

* leaky valves, allowing some blood to flow back into the chamber from which it came.
* type of heart disease
* swishing sound - may be caused by incomplete valves.

Front 20

Rheumatic heart disease

Back 20

* delayed inflammatory response
* type of heart disease

Front 21

mitral valve prolapse

Back 21

* flaps extending back into the atrium
* type of heart disease

Front 22

stenosed valves

Back 22

* narrow valves than normal
* slowing blood flow from a heart chamber
* type of heart disease
* often cause a swishing sound just before a "lub" or "dup"

Front 23

heart disease

Back 23

* group of disorders that together constitute the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States.

Front 24

CPR - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Back 24

* manual rhythmic compression of the heart to maintain blood flow combined with effective artificial respiration

Front 25

atria

Back 25

* singular form is atrium
* the two upper chambers or hollow cavities of the heart
* smaller, thinner walls and less muscular than ventricles
* "receiving chambers" because blood enters the heart through veins that open into the atria

Front 26

ventricles

Back 26

* two lower chambers or hollow cavities of the heart
* "discharging chambers" because they pump blood from the heart into arteries that exit from the ventricles

Front 27

endocarditis

Back 27

* inflammation of the endocardium
* if inflamed, the endocardial lining becomes rough and abrasive to RBCs passing over its surface
* blood flowing over this surface is subject to clotting, and a thrombus, or clot may form.

Front 28

pericarditis

Back 28

* when the pericardium becomes inflamed
* can be caused by trauma, viral or bacterial infection, tumors, and other factors.

Front 29

pericardial effusion

Back 29

pericardial fluid, pus or blood may accumulate in the space between the two pericardial layers and impair the pumping action of the heart.

Front 30

cardiac tamponade

Back 30

* a serious compression of the heart
* heart compression

Front 31

systole

Back 31

* contraction of the heart
* when the heart beats
* the atria contract first (atrial systole) forcing blood into the ventricles
* once filled, the two ventricles contract (ventricular systole) and force blood out of the heart

Front 32

diastole

Back 32

relaxation of the heart

Front 33

chordae tendineae

Back 33

* structures that attach AV valves to the wall of the heart
* string like structures

Front 34

blood flow

Back 34

* Blood is carried from your heart to the rest of your body through a complex network of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries
* Blood is returned to your heart through venules and veins
* The heart uses its pumping ability to deliver blood to the organs, tissues, and cells of your body for nourishment and waste removal.

two major and mutually supportive circulatory systems:
1. pulmonary circulation,
2. systemic circulation

Front 35

pulmonary circulation

Back 35

* involves movement of blood from the right ventricles of the heart to the lungs
* blood enters the right atrium through two large veins called the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava; this blood is oxygen poor returning from the veins.
* from the right atrium blood is pumped through the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) into the right ventricle
* when the ventricles contract, blood in the right ventricle is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery, through the left and right pulmonary arteries, then to the lungs through the pulmonary capillaries where carbon dioxide is eliminated and oxygen diffuses into the blood.
* four pulmonary veins now return oxygen rich blood to the left atrium of the heart

* blood is pumped from the right side of the heart to the gas-exchange tissues of the lungs.

Front 36

systemic circulation

Back 36

* involves movement of blood from the left ventricles of the heart throughout the body as a whole.
1. blood is pumped from the left atrium through the mitral or bicuspid valve to the left ventricle, up through the aortic semilunar valve, and to the aorta to be distributed throughout the body to the tissues.
2. blood leaves the left side of the heart through the aorta and travels through arteries, then into arterioles, and then into capillaries.
3. In the capillaries, nutrients and oxygen are released to the body cells, and carbon dioxide and other waste products are returned to the blood.
4. The blood then travels through veins back to the right side of the heart, where pulmonary circulation begins again.

Front 37

myocardial infarction

Back 37

* myocardial infarction = tissue death
* heart attack
* coronary artery or arteries become totally blocked and blood can't reach the heart muscle cells it normally supplies. deprived of oxygen these cells soon become damaged.
* can cause permanent damage to the heart muscle and can sometimes be fatal if immediate treatment is not given.
* common cause of death during middle and late adulthood.

Front 38

coronary atherosclerosis

Back 38

* hardening of the arteries
* due to the buildup of lipids and other substances on the inside wall of the blood vessels
* has increased to become the leading cause of death in western countries.
* can be caused by a change of lifestyle including cigarette smoking, high-fat and cholesterol diets, obesity, diabetes and hypertension

Front 39

vein

Back 39

* ie. superior vena cava

Front 40

angina pectoris

Back 40

* severe chest pain that occurs when the myocardium is deprived of adequate oxygen
* a warning that the coronary arteries are no longer able to supply enough blood and oxygen to the heart muscle.
* When the coronary arteries become partially blocked, or occluded

Front 41

coronary embolism

Back 41

* a blood clot that occludes or plugs up part of a coronary artery (also occurs in coronary thrombosis)

Front 42

Aorta

Back 42

* very large artery in the body

Front 43

Coronary Circulation

Back 43

* the delivery of oxygen and nutrient-rich arterial blood to cardiac muscle tissue and the return of oxygen-poor blood from the active tissue to the venous system
* the wall of the heart has its own supply of blood vessels, flow of blood through these vessels is called coronary circulation
* in order for the heart to function effectively, it requires a constant and specialized circulatory system of its own, known as coronary circulation to provide oxygen and nutrients and as a means of eliminating waste
* coronary arteries pass directly to the surface of the heart from within and extend down across it,
* They supply blood to the capillaries, which in turn nourish every area of the heart

* blood flows into the heart muscle by means of the right and left coronary arteries. these arteries are the first branches off the aorta and feed the capillaries.
* The capillaries drain into two coronary veins that empty into the right atrium.
* capillaries is where oxygen and other nutrients are delivered to the heart muscle, and at the same time carbon dioxide and other wastes are brought into the capillary
* returns most of the blood to the heart through the coronary sinus
* empties into the right atrium to become part of the pulmonary circulation

Front 44

heart capillaries

Back 44

* microscopic blood vessels
* where oxygen and other nutrients are delivered to the heart muscle, and at the same time carbon dioxide and other wastes are brought into the capillary
* connect to coronary veins

Front 45

coronary sinus

Back 45

* returns most of the blood to the heart through the coronary sinus
* empties into the right atrium to become part of the pulmonary circulation
* after blood has passed through the capillary beds in the myocardium, it flows into cardiac veins, which empty into the coronary sinus and finally into the right atrium.

Front 46

Coronary Heart Disease

Back 46

* term used to describe conditions that occur when this supply of oxygen-rich blood is blocked or interrupted

most common coronary heart diseases:
* Angina pectoris
* Myocardial infarction
* Atherosclerosis

* Many disease conditions and life behaviors can lead to partial or full obstruction of the coronary circulation. Smoking, high blood pressure, and diets high in cholesterol have all been linked to an increase in coronary heart disease

Front 47

coronary angioplasty

Back 47

* procedure that inserts a catheter with an inflatable balloon into a partially blocked artery to push plaque outward and widen the artery wall
* used to treat blockages to coronary blood flow

Front 48

coronary bypass surgery

Back 48

* used to treat those who suffer from severely restricted coronary artery blood flow
* uses veins that are "harvested" from other parts of the body to bypass blockages in the coronary arteries.

Front 49

Rheumatic heart disease

Back 49

* cardiac damage resulting from a delayed inflammatory response to streptococcal infection
* occurs most often in children.

Front 50

rheumatic fever

Back 50

* can develop from an untreated or mistreated streptococcal infection after a few weeks
* cardiac valves and together tissues in the body may become inflamed
* if severe the inflammation can result in stenosis or other deformities of the valves, chordae tendineae, or myocardium

Front 51

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Back 51

* a condition affecting the bicuspid, or mitral valve.
* has a genetic basis, can sometimes result from rheumatic fever or other factors.
* one who's flaps extend back into the left atrium, causing incompetence (leaking) of the valve
* damaged of defective cardiac valves can be replaced surgically with animal valves and artificial valves made from synthetic materials.

Front 52

heart murmurs

Back 52

* abnormal heart sounds often caused by disorders of the valves
* may be due to stenosis (narrowing) of the valve or incompetent valves, which is a backflow of blood due to an incomplete closure of a valve.

Front 53

myocardial cells

Back 53

* receive blood by way of two vessels, the superior and inferior vena cava.

Front 54

Cardiac muscle

Back 54

* is composed of involuntary muscle, and the muscle fibers are also self-excitatory. This means they can initiate contraction themselves without receiving signals from the brain.
* The spontaneous contraction of cardiac muscle cells is initiated, conducted, and coordinated by nodal tissue and fibers located in the atria and ventricles of the heart
* Though the brain can command the heart to speed up or slow down, it does not control the regular beating of the heart and actually works more in harmony with the cardiac conduction system.

Front 55

Cardiac conduction

Back 55

* the rate at which the heart conducts the electrical impulses that are responsible for contraction of the atria and ventricles

Cardiac conduction system contains:
1. Sinoatrial node or SA node
2. Atrioventricular node or AV node
3. AV bundle, or bundle of His
4. Purkinje fibers

Front 56

cardiac cycle

Back 56

* one complete heart beat is a cardiac cycle and includes the contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of atria and ventricles. takes .8 seconds and averages 72 beats per minute.
* heartbeat is normally regular and rhythmic process
* electrical signals that are coordinated by several structures embedded in the wall of the heart are making this all possible.

Front 57

bradycardia

Back 57

* slow heartbeat or heart rhythm
* heart rate consisting of fewer than 60 beats/min
* slight bradycardia is normal during sleep and in conditioned athletes when they are awake
* can result from improper autonomic nervous control of the heart or from a damaged SA node.
* treatment for severe cases is an artificial pacemaker

Front 58

extrasystole

Back 58

* premature contractions of the heart

Front 59

stroke volume

Back 59

* quantity or volume of blood ejected from ventricles with each beat.

Front 60

atrioventricular node or AV node

Back 60

* second step in the conduction of heart impulses
* receives impulses from the sinoatrial node
* located in the lower portion of the right atrium
* the AV node in turn conducts the impulse through a series of tissues:
1. The AV bundle (or bundle of His), which splits into…
a. The right and left bundle branches…
b. That terminate at the Purkinje fibers.

* The coordination of the AV node, bundle of His, its branches, and the Purkinje fibers causes the ventricles to contract in the same manner as the atria. then the ventricles relax.

Front 61

cardiomyopathy

Back 61

* general term for disease of the myocardium
* disease of the myocardial tissue
* may reduce pumping effectiveness
* heart attack can result in myocardial damage that causes heart failure. also dysrhythmias, complete heart block or ventricular fibrillation.

Front 62

tachycardia

Back 62

* fast heartbeat
* heart rate consisting of more than 100 beats/min
* normal during and after exercise and in response to stress
* can be caused by improper autonomic control of the heart, blood loss or shock, the action of drugs and toxins, fever, and other factors.

Front 63

sinoatrial node or SA node

Back 63

* first step in the conduction of heart impulses
* the hearts "pacemaker" or pacemaker of the heart
* initiates the conduction process
* Located in the upper area of the right atrium, it sends the electrical impulse that triggers each heartbeat.
* The impulse spreads through the atria, prompting the cardiac muscle tissue to contract in a coordinated manner.
* After the atria contract, the impulse travels to the atrioventricular node

Front 64

electrocardiogram (ECG)

Back 64

* a recording of the heart's electrical activity
* It appears as a graph or series of wave lines on a moving strip of paper and can indicate:

1. Heart rate and rhythm
2. Decreased blood flow
3. Hypertrophy of the heart
4. Current or past heart attacks

Front 65

Events Represented by the ECG

Back 65

* The ECG breaks down each heartbeat into a series of electrical waves that give important information about the heart
* Three distinct waves, which are critical in diagnosing a wide variety of heart-related conditions, are displayed:
1. The P wave - small upward deflection; is associated with electrical depolarization activity in the atria. or atrial depolarization.
2. The QRS complex - large upward deflection; is associated with repolarization of the atria and depolarization of the ventricles
3. The T wave - is associated with repolarization of the ventricles.

Front 66

depolarization

Back 66

* the reduction of a membrane potential to a less negative value
* Depolarization describes the electrical activity that triggers contraction of the heart muscle.

Front 67

repolarization

Back 67

* the return of a membrane's potential after depolarization.
* In cardiac muscle cells, this begins just before the relaxation phase of cardiac muscle activity.

Front 68

The QRS complex

Back 68

* is associated with repolarization of the atria and depolarization of the ventricles.
* A Q wave is any downward deflection after the P wave. An R wave follows as an upward deflection, and the S wave is any downward deflection after the R wave.
* We are unable to see the deflection associated with atrial repolarization, however, due to the massive ventricular depolarization occurring at the same time. This tends to overshadow the voltage fluctuation produced by atrial repolarization. Thus, we can say that the QRS complex is really only vaguely associated with atrial repolarization because that indicator is hidden.

Front 69

Dysrhythmias

Back 69

* when the normal rhythmic beating of the heart is disturbed. abnormality of heart rhythm.
* resulted from Various conditions of the heart may cause temporary or permanent damage to the heart's conduction system
* dysrhythmias, can be reflected on ECG tracings
* treatment in a timely manner consists of: Medication, artificial pacemakers, external defibrillation, and surgery

* Peripheral factors, such as emotions, electrolyte concentrations, and body temperature, may also affect the heart rate. The correct concentrations of potassium, calcium, and sodium in the blood are important to maintaining a regular heartbeat.

Front 70

Heart Failure

Back 70

* the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to sustain life.
* a progressive disorder in which damage to the heart causes weakening of the cardiovascular system.
* characterized by fluid congestion or inadequate blood flow or blood pumping to tissues to sustain life
* Heart failure is usually a progressive disorder in which not only must the state of the heart be managed, but also the condition of the circulation, lungs, and other organs, as this disorder impacts the entire body
* It is estimated that nearly five million Americans have some form of heart failure. The prevalence of heart failure almost doubles with each decade of life
* can be caused by valve disorders, cardiomyopathy, cor pulmonale and other diseases.

Front 71

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Back 71

* "left-sided heart failure"
* a common result of the inability of the heart's left ventricle to pump blood effectively, results in reduced pumping of blood returning from the lungs causing an increase in pressure that the right side of the heart simply cannot overcome
* decreases pump pressure in the systemic circulation causing the body to retain fluids.

Such failure often results from:
* Myocardial infarction
* Inability of the heart to fill with blood properly because of mechanical or restriction problems
* Overload of blood in the ventricles

Front 72

complete heart block or heart block

Back 72

* occurs when the P waves do not match up with the QRS complexes at all.
* in AV node block - impulses are blocked from getting through to the ventricular myocardium, resulting in the ventricles contracting at a much slower rate than normal
* treatment is usually implanting an artificial pacemaker in the heart

Front 73

ventricular fibrillation (VF or V-fib)

Back 73

* an immediately life-threatening condition in which the lack of ventricular pumping suddenly stops the flow of blood to vital tissues.
* must be corrected immediately with fibrillation or some other method or death will occur within minutes.
* a drug such as epinephrine may be injected into the bloodstream to increase blood pressure and blood flow enough to make defibrillator successful.

Front 74

sinus dysrhythmia

Back 74

* a variation in heart rate during the breathing cycle
* typically the rate increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration (breathing out)
* common in young people, doesn't require treatment.

Front 75

defibrillation

Back 75

* treatment for Atrial & ventricle fibrillation
* application of an electric shock to force cardiac muscle fibers to once again contract in rhythm.

Front 76

cardiac output

Back 76

* the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute
* averages about 5 L in a normal, resting adult.

can decrease stroke volume and cardiac output:
valve disorders, coronary artery blockage, or myocardial infarctions

Front 77

intercalated disks

Back 77

* are actually electrical connectors that join muscle fibers into a single unit that can conduct an impulse through the entire wall of a heart chamber without stopping.
* this causes both atrial walls to contract at about the same time because their fibers are electrically linked.
* this also causes both ventricular walls to contract at about the same time too.

Front 78

echocardiography

Back 78

* ultrasound directed toward the heart is reflected back (echoed) by the tissues.
* a detector picks up the echoed ultrasound and reduces an image showing different regions of blood and heart tissues.
* Cardiologist uses this echocardiogram to diagnose patients

Front 79

artificial pacemaker

Back 79

* a battery-operated device implanted under the skin and connected by thin wires to they myocardium
* stimulates the myocardium with timed electrical impulses that cause ventricular contractions at a rate fast enough to maintain an adequate circulation of blood.

Front 80

demand pacemakers

Back 80

* take over SA node function only when the heart rate falls below a level programmed into the pacemaker by the physician.

Front 81

premature contractions or extrasystoles

Back 81

* contractions that occur before the next expected contraction in a series of cardiac cycles.
* often occur with lack of sleep, anxiety, cold medications, too much caffeine or nicotine, alcoholism, or heart damage.
* can occur in otherwise healthy newborns, young children, and adult athletes following intense activity.

* premature atrial contractions (PACs) - may occur shortly after the ventricles contract; an early P wave on an ECG
* premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) - occur when the electrical signal begins in the ventricle rather than in the SA node.

Front 82

fibrillation

Back 82

* a condition in which cardiac muscle fibers contract out of step with each other
* the affected heart chambers do not effectively pump blood
* caused by frequent premature contractions
* on an ECG shows absence of regular P waves or abnormal QRS and T waves

Front 83

atrial fibrillation (AF or A-fib)

Back 83

* occurs commonly in mitral stenosis, rheumatic heart disease and infraction of the atrial myocardium
* a drug such as digoxin (digitalis) may be used to prevent ventricular involvement

Front 84

Automatic external defibrillator (AEDs)

Back 84

* becoming increasingly available in public places
* small, lightweight devices that detect a person's heart rhythm using small electrode pads placed on the torso.
* if V-fib is detected, than a non-medical rescuer will be talked through some simple steps to defibrillate the victim.

Front 85

right-sided heart failure

Back 85

* failure of the right side of the heart
* 1/4th of all cases of heart failure.
* often results from the progression of disease that begins in the left side of the heart.

Front 86

anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents

Back 86

* prevent clot formation in patients with valve damage or who have experienced a myocardial infarction.
ie. acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), clopidogrel (plavix), and ticlopidine (ticlid)

Front 87

Beta-adrenergic blockers

Back 87

* block norepinephrine receptors in cardiac muscle and thus reduce the rate and strength of the heartbeat.
* can correct certain types of dysrhythmias and reduce the amount of oxygen required by the myocardium
ie. propranolol (Inderal)

Front 88

Calcium-channel blockers

Back 88

* drugs that block the flow of calcium into cardiac muscle cells, thus reducing heart contractions
* used in treating certain dysrhythmias and coronary heart disease
Ie. diltiazem, verapamil, and nifedipine.

Front 89

digitalis

Back 89

* drug that slows and increases the strength of cardiac contractions
* plays an important part in the treatment of congestive heart failure and certain dysrhythmias.
ie. Digoxin

Front 90

Nitroglycerin

Back 90

* drug used to dilate (widen) coronary blood vessels, thus increasing the flow of oxygenated blood to the myocardium.
ie. nitroglycerin is often used to prevent or relieve angina pectoris

Front 91

tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

Back 91

* drug; usually a synthetic version of the naturally occurring substance from the walls of blood vessels.
* TPA activates a substance in the blood called plasminogen, which dissolves clots that may be blocking coronary arteries.
* another preparation called streptokinase, an enzyme produced by Streptococcus bacteria, has similar effects.

Front 92

cor pulmonale

Back 92

* right-sided heart failure that is caused by lung disorders that obstruct normal pulmonary blood flow and thus overload the right side of the heart

Front 93

pulmonary edema

Back 93

* left-sided heart failure that causes congestion of the blood in the pulmonary circulation
* can possibly lead to right heart failure

Front 94

heart transplant

Back 94

* surgical procedures in which healthy hearts from recently deceased donors replace the hearts of patients with heart disease.
* rejection can be a problem

Front 95

heart implants

Back 95

* artificial hearts that are made of biologically inert synthetic materials.

Front 96

passage of blood flow through the heart

Back 96

Pulmonary circulation
1. right atrium
2. tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)
3. right ventricle
4. pulmonary semilunar valve
5. pulmonary artery
6. pulmonary veins
7. left atrium
systemic circulation
8. mitral valve (left atrioventricular valve)
9. left ventricle
10. aortic semilunar valve
to the aorta to be dispersed through the body to the tissues.

* blood entering an artery has jest left the right and left ventricles.