All Saints Gcse Polymers Definitions

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a material that can be moulded only the first time it is heated. It cannot be softened or remoulded when reheated but it will decompose in extreme heat

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Thermosetting

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an adverse effect of a chemical on a living organism with the severity of -------- produced being directly proportional to the exposure concentration and time

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Toxicity

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a molecule that contains only hydrogen and carbon; it has at least one double covalent carbon-carbon bond so it has less than the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms

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Unsaturated hydrocarbon

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small molecules that can join together to form polymers. They contain double or triple carbon bonds and can be saturated by adding hydrogen

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Unsaturated monomers

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the mass of product that is expected from a chemical reaction based on the mass of reactants used

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Expected yield

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the mass of product obtained expressed as a percentage of the calculated theoretical yield

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Percentage yield

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the mass of product, calculated from an equation’s relative atomic masses

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Theoretical yield

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a material that will soften when heated and can be moulded into shape. The process of heating and remoulding can be repeated many times

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Thermoplastic

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the formation of a compound from its constituent elements

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Synthesis

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development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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Sustainable development

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a molecule that contains only hydrogen and carbon; it has no double covalent carbon-carbon bond so has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms

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Saturated hydrocarbon

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An organic compound with more than one double covalent carbon-carbon bond

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Polyunsaturated

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a long-chain molecule made up of a large number of monomers that have combined together during polymerisation

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Polymer

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an organic compound that only contains one double covalent carbon-carbon bond

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Monounsaturated

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a small molecule which chemically bonds to other monomers to produce a polymer

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Monomer

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to add hydrogen to an unsaturated compound

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Hydrogenate

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shows the relative numbers of the different kinds of atoms in a compound

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Formula

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a covalent bond that involves the sharing of two pairs of electrons Empirical the simplest ratio of atoms in a chemical formula

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Double bond

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a process used to break down long- chain hydrocarbons generally alkanes, into more useful short-chain hydrocarbons, using high temperatures and a catalyst

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Cracking

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a bond that involves the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons. The atoms combining give the electrons. It generally occurs between non-metal elements

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Covalent bond

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an unsaturated hydrocarbon; a molecule that has a spine of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms held together by single covalent bonds and at least one double covalent carbon-carbon bond

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Alkene

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Water given off as a by-product of a reaction

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Condensation

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a saturated hydrocarbon; a molecule with a spine of carbon atoms completely surrounded by hydrogen atoms and held together by single covalent bonds

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Alkane

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when the same molecules are added together to produce a larger molecule; nothing in the original molecule is left out

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Addition