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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Erythrocytes live how long in avian
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20-35 days( shorter than mammals)
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Do birds have platelets
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No, nucleated thrombocytes
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Birds have what rather than neutrophils?
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Heterophils
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Primary sign a bird is sick
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Not grooming themselves
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Chewed feathers are split
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longitudinally
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Enteritis is caused by
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coccidiosis, giardia, psitaccosis/chlamydiosis
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What is your Dx. Feces blood tinged, watery, chronic
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coccidiosis
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Types of coccidia in avian
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Eimeria, Isospora, Doriseilla, Wenyonella, Tyzzeria
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Tx of coccidia
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sulfa drugs, amprollium in water
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Most frequent ectoparasite of small psitticines
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Cnemidocoptes piliae-scaly leg and face mite
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CS of scaly leg and face mite
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stars at angle of beak, disfigured beak, tassle feet
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Treatment scaly leg mite
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dichlorvos, petroleum to soften legs
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The storage of what nutrient is very low in birds
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glycogen
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Most common fracture in bird
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comminuted
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Swelling above and below eye
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sinusitis
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Sinuses infected in sinusitis
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supra and infraorbital
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Sinusitis initiated by
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Hypovitaminosis A
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Egg binding is comon problem in
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caged and aviary birds
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Egg binding associated with
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atony or spasms of oviduct
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Causes of egg binding
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obesity, large egg, low ca, poor musle tone, nervousness, temp variation, lack of nesting
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CS of egg binding
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Straining, neck seeking, paresis, egg palpated just above pelvic inlet
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Treatment of eggbinding
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-Place in warm cage with infrared
-Lubricate -Hypodermic needle -laparotomy -ca gluconate |
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Causes of beak deformities
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-Budgies-very common
-Trauma -Wear -Metabolic bone dz -Candidiasis |
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A dislocated jaw is unlikely in birds due to
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double articulation
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Persistant egg laying seen with
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-Cockatiels
- Removal of oviduct not ovary -Medroxyprogesterone(bugges, psitt) |
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Hyperthermia in avian seen with
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Ketamine
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Excellent indicator of high body temp
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cloaca temp
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Tx of hyperthermia
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oxygen, IM dextrose, alcohol spray
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Very susceptable to giardia
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Budges
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What is your diagnosis? Avian Small intestine filled with semisolid material and contain a large number of organisms
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giardia
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Dx of giardia
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Dead bird- duodenal scrapings
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Only _____ of giardia spread in droppings
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cysts
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Treatment giardia
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dimtridazole
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What is your dx? Unproductive regurgitating movement?
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Crop impaction
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What is your dx. Foul, foamy, yellow brown diarrhea in avian
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Giardia
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Treatment crop impaction
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mineral, vegetable oil, surgery
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What is candida
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yeast
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MC species of candida
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albicans
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Tx candida
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Nystatin, Vit A and B, Ampho B
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What comprise 80% of respiratory system
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airsacs
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DX? Necrotic pseudomembranous patches over mucosa of tongue and pharynx and crop, looks like a terry cloth
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Candidiasis
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Airsacs commonly infected with
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Aspergillus, coliform bacteria
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Beak and feather disease seen in what bird
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psittacines
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Etiology of Beak and feather disease
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circovirus
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Clinical signs of beak and feather disease
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abnormal molts, dystophic feathers, beaks, claws
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Infective mode of action of beak and feather disease
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dust from affected bird feathers
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Vitamin A important for
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growth, vision, epithelium
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Perisitant cloacal prolapse can be due to
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viral papilloma
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Twisted dystrophic quills that fail to mature and shed prematurely.Bilateral symmetrical loss of feathers What is dx
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beak and feather dz
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Treatment of cloacal prolapse
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purse string around vent, two mattress around vent, remove wedge of vent, cloacopexy (vent to abdomen)
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All birds with respiratory signs should be suspected of having
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hypovitaminosis A
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Psitacosis caused by
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Chlamydia (rickettsia like organism
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Dx? Post mortem hepatomegaly with faint patchy necrosis
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chlamydiosis
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Bird with rapid loss of heterophils
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beak and feather disease
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Abcess in mouth
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Hypovit A
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Zoonotic disease of birds
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Chlamydiosis
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MC nutritional disorder seen in avian
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hypovitaminosis A
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Dx of chalydia
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impression smear from liver,stain with Ziehl neelson or macchiavello (IC IB)
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White necrotic plaques in mouth and throat
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hypovit A
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Tx of chlamydia
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IM oxytet, oral chlortetracylcline for 45 days
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Why is chlortet preferred over oxytet
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oxytet chelates Cu, Fe, Ca for poorer intestinal absorption
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Type of activity in tetracyclines
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anti- Vit B
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Common causes of swelling in sinuses
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hypovitaminosis A
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Gout is a metabolic disorder characterized by
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Deposition of urates and uric acid
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Uric acid is a normal product of
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nitrogen metabolism
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Uric acid deposits in
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liver and kidney
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2 forms of gout
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visceral and articular
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Visceral urate deposits due to
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impaired renal function, urinary tract obstruction
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Articular urate deposits due to
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unknown
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Dx of visceral gout
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urate dusting on liver and pericardial surface, swollen enlarged kidney
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What is your dx? Lameness, reluctance to fly or perch
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articular gout
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White yellow centers around joints, ligaments, and tendons
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Articular gout
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Dx of gout
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post mortem, Murexide test (add nitric acid,evaporate 1 drop of aspirated joint material, will turn purple-red if positive
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Tx of gout
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-incurable, treat symptoms
-allopurinol- inhibits xanthonoxidase synthesis of uric acid |
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Contraindicated tx of gout
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glucocorticoids-increases protein catabolism
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Egg peritonitis findings
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Fibrin in abdominal cavity
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Egg peritonitis due to
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ectopic ovulation
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tx of Egg peritonitis
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abdominal irrigation via laparotomy with AB
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What may happen when birds are disturbed or handled
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ova shed into abdomen-normal, sterile
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What is disease of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
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Rickets and osteomalacia
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Cause of Rickets and osteomalacia
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lowered blood Ca+
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What is your Dx?PU/PD, bones painful, legs and claws inflamed/swollen, muscle spasms
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nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
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Tx of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
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gluconate solution-monitor hr
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What is the disease known to cause failure of mineralization of osteoid matrix in young birds
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rickets-hypocalcemia
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Rickets due to
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Decreased Ca+, Vit D, or imbalanced Ca:P ratio
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Vitamin D is needed to
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Stimulate synthesis of Ca binding protein in intestinal wall
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Normal Ca:P ratio
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1/12 to 3:1
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What is Dx? S shaped sternum, softening of vertebrae/claws, curved inward ribs, neurologic
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Rickets
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Tx of rickets
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Ca, Vit D, supplement diet
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Bone disease of adult birds
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osteomalacia
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What is disease characterized by mineral loss in bone when resorption exceeds deposition
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osteomalacia
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Causes of osteomalacia
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-Prolonged egg laying with insufficient Ca supply
-Lack of grit in food(needed in gizzard to grind food) |
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Adult bird, bones break spontaneously
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Osteomalacia
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What is your diagnosis? X-ray of an adult bird showscorice thinning, mineral callus formation
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Osteomalacia
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Goiter is also known as
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thyroid dysplasia
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Goiter is hypothyroidism caused by what
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iodine deficiency
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Iodine is required for
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thyroxin synthesis
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What happens to thyroid when you have a goiter
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TSH from anterior pituitary increased, results in thyroid follicles becoming hyperplastic (enlarged)
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Primary differential in a bird with Labored respiration and squeeky noises
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goiter
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Can hyperplasia of the thyroid be found on palpation or x-ray in a bird
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No-use thyroxin levels
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Tx of goiter in bird
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Levothyroxine, iodine
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Most common disease in pigeons
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Trichomoniasis (gallinae)
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High mortality in young birds
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Trichomoniasis
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Wet canker, dry caseous necrosis/what is your dx
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Trichomoniasis
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Upon a smear of mouth you see organisms with twisting tails, what is your dx?
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Trichomoniasis
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Tx of Trichomoniasis
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Dimetridazole in drinking water for 7 days
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Most widespread zoonotic disease of birds
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salmonellosis
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Most important salmonella in birds
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typhimurium
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Symptoms of salmonellosis in birds
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asymptomatic
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# of samples collected to rule out salmonella in birds
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3
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M/C aspergillus in birds
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flavus
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Type of toxin in aspergillus flavus
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mycotoxin
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Birds get aspergillus flavus from
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cereal, peanuts, bread
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Aspergillus flavus affects birds how?
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hepatocarcinogenic-affects hepatocytes ability to metabolize fats
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What is your diagnosis? Bird with diarrhea, incoordination, sudden death
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aspergillus flavus
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Tx of aspergillus flavus
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electrolytes
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Aspergillus fumigatus aka
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Border pneumonia, pseudo TB, Bronchomycosis, Cytomycosis, Chick fever
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Aspergillus fumigatus infective via
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inhalation of spore or hyphal fragment
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Yellow-green or blue plaques in lung and airsacs
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Aspergillus fumigatus
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What is your DX? Gurgling sound in trachea?
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Aspergillus fumigatus
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Dx of Aspergillus fumigatus via
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detection of plaques and hyphae on KOH
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Tx of Aspergillus fumigatus
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Ampho B
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Air sac mites are
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sternostoma traheacolum
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Ulceration of airsacs that resemble tumors
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Air sac mites
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What is your dx? Clicking sounds, dyspnea through an open beak, loss of voice, loss of sound, loss of feathers around ear?
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Air sac mites
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Dx of Air sac mites
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TTW
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Post mortem of Air sac mites
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tracheitis, airsacculitis, black spots on mm
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Tx of Air sac mites
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malathion powder
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Major differential for botulism
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lead poisoning
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Limberneck
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lead poisoning, botulism
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What is a disease primarily of Macaw's?
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Macaw wasting disease
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What does Macaw wasting disease cause?
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Dilitation of Proventriculus
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Origin of Macaw wasting disease
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Viral
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Diagnosis of MWD ( Proventricular dilitation syndrome)( Psiticcine Neuropathic gastric dilitation)
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Radiographs
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A bird is presented with wt loss, passage of whole seeds, neuro signs, and begging for food. What is your dx?
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MWD
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Treatment of MWD
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High fiber, moist, seed free, TMZ
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Sequela to MWD
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Peritonitis, pneumonia
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Aflatoxin in birds cause
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Hysteroid seizures (Fusarium trcincum)
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Seizures in african greys caused by
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Nutritional secondaru hyperparathyroidism and oxytet
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Twirling syndrome=
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Newcastle dz(paramyxovirus)
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Teflon toxicosis causes
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toxic fumes cause red coloration to lungs
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Paralyzed budgie primary differential
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Renal Adenocarcinoma(press on sciatic)
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Etiology of Budgerigar Fledgling Disease
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Polyomavirus
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Strain of BFD in budges
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BFDV-1
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Strain of BFD in parrots
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BFDV-3
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A parrot is presented with lack of down feathers on its back, hydrodropericaridium, and cannot fly, what is your primary diff.
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Budgerigar Fledgling disease
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Potentially zoonotic yeast from birds
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cryptococcus
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Etiology of cryptococcus
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Crypto neoformans
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Diagnosis of crypto
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impression smears with india ink
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Zoonotic via inhalation of spores
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Histo
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Etiology of histo
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Histo capsulatum
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Histo found mostly in.
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soil, bat droppings
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Conures are asymptomatic carriers of what?
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Pacheco's Parrot Disease
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Pacheco's disease etiology
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Herpes V
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Bright green viliverdin stained feces and urates
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Pacheco's Disease
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Conjunctivitis, tremors, and convulsions
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Pacheco's Dz
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Eosinophillic IN inclusions in hepatocytes and kidneys
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Pacheco's DZ
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Velogenic Viscerotropic Newcastle Disease etiology
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paramyxovirus
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Yellow hemmorrhagic diarrhea
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Newcastle Dz
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A bird comes in with torticollis, pantropic organ dysfunction, coughing and sneezing with yellow diarrhea what is you dx
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NCD
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What virus of birds is reportable
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NCD
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Outbreaks caused by bird smuggling
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NCD
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encephalomyelitis etiology
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Arbovirus carried by biting insects
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Is there a clinical disease of encephalomyelitis in birds.
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Not usually
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Etiology of EEE. WEE, VEE
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Toga
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Etiology of St. Louis, West Nile
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Flavi
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Mosquito that transmits E & W
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Culiseta melanura
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Mosquito that transmits VEE
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Aedes, Culex
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Encephamomyelitis can survive over winter in.
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Migrating birds, reptiles, snakes
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What are sentinels for Encephamomyelitis in humans
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Horses
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Horse is dead end host for
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EEE, WEE
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Horse is amplifying host for
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VEE
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Anaphylactic shock in birds
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Metabolic acidosis, high uric acid, hyper or hypo kalemia
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Salmonella most commonly seen in
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African greys
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Pasterella comes from
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cat bites
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Avian tuberculosis common in
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grey cheeked parrots
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Staph and strep most common in
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psittici
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Bumble foot=
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staph
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GI flora predominately
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Gram +
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Reportable zoonotic bacteria
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chlamydia
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Lime green urates
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chlamydia
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TX of chlamydia
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chlortetracycline
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Candidiasis mc etiology
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Albicans
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gape worm=
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syngamus trachea
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Pox dz diagnosis
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ICIB
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Avian influenza virus
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orthomyxo-hemagglutinating
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