Alimentary 4

Front 1

Enteritis

Back 1

inflammation of large and small intestine

Front 2

typhlitis

Back 2

inflammation of caecum

Front 3

colitis

Back 3

inflammation of colon

Front 4

proctitis

Back 4

inflammation of rectum

Front 5

Diarrhea

Back 5

Passage of the feces with increased bulk/fluid content.

*enteritis can occur without diarrhoea and vice versa

Front 6

SI epithelial renewal (how?)

Back 6

Epithelial progenitor cells in crypts continually divide.

New epithelial cells move up to surface/villus tips.

Front 7

Villus atrophy

Back 7

Malabsorption of nutrients/water.

Front 8

Villus atrophy with intact crypt glands

*example of virus??

Back 8

Rotavirus- necrosis of villous enterocytes. has villus atrophy and fusion.

coronavirus

coccidia

some nematodes

Front 9

Villus atrophy with damage to crypts

*example of virus?

Back 9

Primary insult to crypt cells.

Production impaired.

Insufficient cells on villi.

Enterocytes lost to lumen. Replaced by increasingly immature cells.

Malabsorption.

i.e. Canine parvovirus

Feline parvovirus

Front 10

Parvovirus

Back 10

Viremia to the crypt cells and lymphoid areas.

Epithelial cells are not replaced.

Crypts dilated and damaged.

Macroscopically: thickened SI, oedema

Histologically: crypts dilated with debris, irregular flat epithelial cells.

Front 11

5 types of Enteritis

Back 11

1. Secretory and osmotic diarrhea

2. Haemorrhagic

3. Granulomatous

4. Necrotising

5. Ulcerative

"SHUNG" Enteritis

Front 12

1. Secretory and osmotic diarrhea

Back 12

Colibacillosis (E. Coli)

- bacteria adhere to enterocytes

- toxins stimulate loss of NaCl and water in intestinal secretions

Front 13

2. Haemorrhagic Enteritis

Back 13

1. Clostridial Enterotoxemia

Types A-E exotoxins

2. Canine Parvovirus

-virus targets crypt cells and lymphoid areas.

-small intestine

-can be in bone marrow and lymphoid destruction--> pancytopenia

Front 14

3. Granulomatous Enteritis

Back 14

1. Johne's Disease/paratuberculosis

Macrophages, giant cells in musosa, submucosa, and lymph nodes

chronic granulomatous enteritis

acid fast organisms

2. FIP (feline coronavirus)

a. WET: white, miliary granuloma, fibrin, high protein exudate

b. DRY: granulomatous masses on intestine, multifocal pyogranulomata, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, neutrophils, necrotising vasculitis.

Front 15

4. Necrotising Enteritis

Back 15

1. Salmonellosis

- many serovars

-Necrosis and exudation of fibrin.

-infiltration of lamina propria with neutrophils and macrophages

2. Coccidiosis

-Oocyts

Front 16

5. Ulcerative Enteritis

Back 16

Cyathostomosis (horses)

Small strongyles.

Larval development in nodules in mucosa/submucosa

Diarrhoea

Infiltration by eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages

Oedema

Mucosal ulceratoin

Front 17

Inflammatory bowel disease

Back 17

Results in:

malabsorption and chronic diarrhoea

1. Lymphocytic/plasmacytic enteritis (dog, cat, horse)

2. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: dog, cat, horse, idiopathic.

3. Lymphangiectasia: Dogs.******

Lymphatic obstruction

DILATATION OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND LACTEALS.

ACCUMULATION OF MACROPHAGES AND GRANULOMAS IN LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

Congenital/acquired

Dilation of lymphatic vessels including lacteals

Oedema

Accumulation of lipid laden macrophages in granulomas

Front 18

Intestinal adenoma

Back 18

SI, LI

Grow into lumen

Benign

Polyp-like

i.e. rectal adenoma/polyp

Front 19

Intestinal adenocarcinoma

Back 19

Dog, cat, sheep.

Malignancy of intestinal epithelial cells.

Aggressive.

Spread via lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes, lung, liver.

Trancoelemic spread.

Front 20

Adenocarcinoma of apocrine glands of anal sac

Back 20

May be associated with hypercalcemia of malignancy

Front 21

Hyperplasia/adenoma of perianal glands

Back 21

Dog

Common

Benign

Old, entire males

Front 22

Lymphoma

Back 22

Cat, dog, horse

Diffuse infiltration by neoplastic lymphocytes

Front 23

Gastrointestinal stromal tumour

Back 23

Increasingly being recognised.

Derived from interstitial cells of Cajal.

Front 24

Peritoneum, normally is...

Back 24

Smooth, clear

Small volume of clear fluid for lubrication.

Lined by single layer of mesothelial cells.

Front 25

Post mortem change and autolysis of peritoneum lead to...

Back 25

Increased volumes of red/brown fluid in abdomen.

No roughening of surfaces of organs or peritoneum.

Front 26

Peritonitis

Back 26

Usually secondary to other abdominal pathology.

Local/general.

Front 27

Acute peritonitis

Back 27

Increased fluid in abdominal cavity and roughening of serosal surface of abdominal organs and parietal peritoneum.

Front 28

Acute peritonitis Types (3)

Back 28

1. Fibrinous

2. Purulent

3. Haemorrhagic

i.e. splenic rupture

Front 29

Chronic peritonitis

Back 29

Fibrous adhesions in:

serosal surfaces

omentum

mesentary

peritoneum

i.e. Granulomatous

Front 30

Causes of peritonitis (4)

Back 30

1. Chemical (bile, barium, urine)

2. Bacterial (abcess, bacteremia)

3. Viral (FIP)

4. Parasitic (Strongyle)

Front 31

Parasitic cysts (3)

Back 31

1. Taenia hydatigena: ruminants, liver, mesentary, peritoneum

2. Taenia ovis: sheep, heart, muscle, including diaphragm

3. Hydatid cyst: Any mammal, humans, usually ruminants and horses

Front 32

Neoplasia of peritoneum

Back 32

1. Mesothelomia - malignant, serosa

2. Lipoma- from mesentary, large, pedunculated, instetinal strangulation

3. Secondary tumours - trancoelomic spread. Metastasis on peritoneum.

Front 33

Back 33

Pig rotavirus enteritis

Example of villous atrophy with intact, hyperplastic crypt glands

Front 34

Back 34

Canine parvovirus

Virus targets crypt cells and lymphoid areas.

Production is impaired.

Insufficient cells for villi.

Small intestine.

Exampls of Haemorrhagic enteritis.

Front 35

Back 35

Haemorrhagic enteritis by Clostridium perfringes Type A.

Necrotising and haemorrhagic lesions.

Front 36

Back 36

Canine parvovirus

Virus targets crypt cells and lymphoid areas. Production is impaired. Insufficient cells for villi. Small intestine.

Front 37

Back 37

Granulomatous enteritis

Johne's Disease/ ParaTB.

Mycobacterium avium.

Infects macrophages.

Chronic ganulomatous enteritis.

Epitheliod macrophages, and multinucleate giant cells in mucosa, submucosa, and lymph nodes.

Front 38

Back 38

Bovine granulomatous enteritis.

Histo: sheets of macrophages, multinucleate cells, some lymphocytes and plasma cells.

Front 39

Back 39

Johne's Disease Acid Fast staining

Appears red on Zhiel Neelsen Stain

Bacteria found in macrophages.

Front 40

Back 40

FIP (feline coronavirus)

WET: white, miliary granuloma, fibrin, high protein exudateb.

DRY: granulomatous masses on intestine, multifocal pyogranulomata, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, neutrophils, necrotising vasculitis.

Front 41

Back 41

Necrotising enteritis

Salmonellosis- many serovars

Necrosis and exudation of fibrin

Infiltration of lamina propria with neutrophils and macrophages

Front 42

Back 42

Necrotising Enteritis

Coccidiosis

Eimeria, isospora species

Front 43

Back 43

Necrotising Enteritis

Coccidiosis

Front 44

Back 44

Ulcerative Enteritis

Cyathostomosis

Small strongyly ins horse.

Larva develop in nodules in mucosa/submucosa of cecum an colon.

Front 45

Back 45

Rectal Polyp

Intestinal adenoma.

Usually grow into the lumen, benign, polyp like.

Front 46

Back 46

Intestinal Adenocarcinoma

Dog, cat, sheep.

Malignancy of intestinal epithelial cells.

Aggressive.

Spread via lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes, lung, liver.

Trancoelemic spread.

Front 47

Back 47

Adenocarcinoma of apocrine glands of anal sac

Front 48

Back 48

Lymphoma

Diffuse infiltration by neoplastic lymphocytes

Front 49

Back 49

Lymphosarcoma.