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50 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
epigraphy
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the study of inscriptions. e.g. epigraphs on gravestones and civic documents of Greek poleis; a wide range of inscriptions survives from the Hellenistic period
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epi
graphy |
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papyrology
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the study of papyri, a reed-based paper-like material; tens of thousands of papyri have been preserved in arid regions of Egypt
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you got this one I know
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Polybius of Megalopolis
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-(c. 200-118 B.C.)
-Hellenistic historian providing our fullest account of the late 3rd century B.C. onward -much of his work has been lost -wrote to explain the Roman takeover of Greece -considered similar to Thucydides in his "scientific" approach to history |
historian
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field survey
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-uses GIS (geographic information system) software to plot the density of unearthed sherds after the first plowing across a region.
-can give us some "low resolution" information about a region -prioritizes broad region and broad time period |
breadth > depth
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Argead dynasty / Temenids
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-ruling dynasty of Macedonia from ~700-300 B.C.
-claim to have come from Argos in the 8th century B.C. -claimed descent from Heracles through Temenos |
a whole lot of claiming going on
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Mt. Olympus
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-mountain at southern border of Macedonia
-mythical home of Greek gods -holds status as marginal space between Greeks and "barbarian" peoples of the north |
it's a mountain
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Perdiccas I
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-king of Macedonia
-(c. 700-678 B.C.) -in Herodotus' foundation myth of Macedonia, Perdiccas is the youngest of three brothers who eventually settle Macedonia |
he's in Herodotus' foundation myth
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Philip II
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-king of Macedonia
-(359-336 B.C.) -father of A the G (Alexander the Great) -after period of political instability in Macedonia, consolidated kingdom and revolutionized the army -formalizing control of Greece through "League of Corinth" -planned expedition to Asia -was assassinated |
Alexander's dad (unless you believe that whole thing about Nectanebo)
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Battle of Chaeronea
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-338 B.C.
-marked culmination of Philip's campaign in Greece -Philip's forces fought an alliance of Greek poleis including Athens and Thebes -resulted in decisive victory for Philip and his establishment of the League of Corinth |
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sarissa
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-long thrusting spear
-introduced by Philip II as part of his reform of traditional phalanx -thought to contribute to decisive defeat of Greek alliance at Chaeronea -remained standard weapon of Hellenistic armies |
you wouldn't want to meet someone wielding one of these in a dark alley
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L. Flavius Arrianus
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-(c. 80-160)
-Greek from Asia minor who held high Roman offices -author of The Campaigns of Alexander -considered one of the most reliable sources on Alexander because of reliance on eyewitnesses |
Pros: is a reliable source on Alexander
Cons: does not depict Bucephalus' bloodthirsty rampage |
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Second Sophistic
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-flourishing of Greek literature in late 1st and early 2nd century A.D.
-name invokes revival of culture assoc. with 5th century classical Athens -Plutarch and Arrian were considered part of this movement |
revival!
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Vulgate tradition
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-tradition of ancient Alexander literature based primarily on the work of the Greek Kleitarkhos, who probably wrote in Alexandria not long after Alexander's death
-Vulgate writers include Diodorus Siculus and Curtius Rufius |
based off of Kleitarkhos
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Ephemerides / Royal Journals
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-records kept by Alexander's secretary, Eumenes
-Arrian and Plutarch both claim to draw on this document, but it is unclear whether the actual Ephemerides survived Alexander's death |
it would be nice if we had this
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Ptolemy Son of Lagos
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-(c. 365-283 B.C.)
-boyhood friend of Alexander and an important general in Alexander's Asia campaign -after Alexander's death, held Egypt and established long-lived Ptolemaic dynasty -wrote a history of Alexander which Arrian drew upon |
friend of A's (Alexander), eyewitness
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Aristoboulos
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-(c. 380-301 B.C.)
-Greek engineer in Alexander's retinue -wrote a history of Alexander which Arrian drew upon -pro-Alexander, excused alcohol consumption |
also eyewitness
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Sack of Thebes
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-335 B.C.
-Alexander went north to subdue Balkan tribes -Rumors of Alexander's death led Thebans to revolt -Alexander marched south and annihilated city to show example to rest of Greeks -Arrian treats incident apologetically |
Not Alexander's finest moment
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Parmenion
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-(400-330 B.C.)
-Macedonian general under Philip II and then under Alexander III -Clashed with Alexander due to his more orthodox military views -Alexander ordered his assassination in 330 when his son, Philotas, was convicted of conspiracy |
not to be confused with Parmesan
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Battle of Granikos
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-(334 B.C.)
-first of Alexander's three major battles against the Persian Empire -fought in northwestern Asia minor -Alexander defeated the combined forces of several Persian satraps, including Memnon of Rhodes |
Major battle
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Gordion knot
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-333 B.C., prior to Issus
-Whoever undid knot was destined to rule over Asia -Alexander did it, but sources vary over how |
untying this was knot a small feat
(I'm sorry) |
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Battle of Issus
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-333 B.C.
-Second of Alexander's three major battles against Persian empire -fought in Cilicia -Alexander won a decisive victory over forces led by Darius -Darius escaped, but Alexander captured royal family |
Darius got away
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Siege of Tyre
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-332 B.C.
-Alexander laid siege to Phoenician city of Tyre, Persian naval base -wanted control of the seas -took several months -constructed mole -ended in massacre and enslavement of the inhabitants |
I bet everyone was pretty Tyred by the end of this siege
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Hephaestion
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-(356-324 B.C.)
-Alexander's best friend and possibly lover -Probably mediocre officer -Alexander placed him in charge of half of Companion Cavalry in 330 and made him "chiliarch" -died suddenly in Ecbatana in 324 |
Alexander was sad when he died
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Darios (Darius) III
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-king of Persian empire from 336-330 B.C.
-defeated by Alexander at Issus and Gaugamela -fled to Bactria -overthrown in coup led by Bessos and killed before Alexander could reach him |
brave sir robin
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"Tomb of Persephone" at Vergina
(Tomb I) |
-excavated in 1970's
-looted in antiquity -contains remains of middle-aged man, young woman and infant -walls decorated with painting of Rape of Persephone -scholars dispute: some claim male body is Philip II |
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"Tomb of Philip" at Vergina
(Tomb II) |
-excavated in 1970's
-unlooted -lavish tomb containing remains of middle-aged man and young woman -man may be Philip II (d. 336 B.C.) or Philip III (d. 316 B.C.) -do objects in tomb reflect Alexander's conquest or cultural production in Macedon under Philip II? |
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pothos
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-"longing" in Greek
-Arrian ascribes Alexander's actions to "pothos" -linked to thirst for knowledge and conquest |
Seized by a sudden desire, I continued making flashcards
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Oracle of Ammon
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-332 B.C.
-Alexander went to Siwa oasis to consult oracle -Sources differ on questions/answers -Alexander claimed descent from Zeus Ammon |
Alexander...went to this oracle.
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Philotas conspiracy
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-330 B.C.
-Philotas, son of Parmenion, found guilty of conspiracy against Alexander's life (for failing to report a plot. Executed. -Parmenion executed -Alexander reorganized army, splitting up command of Companion Cavalry between Hephaestion and Kleitos -Relied more heavily on his "suntrophoi" |
A plot against Alexander's life! :O
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Battle of Gaugamela
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-331 B.C.
-Third of Alexander's three major battles against the Persian empire -fought in modern Iraq -decisive victory for Macedonians -led to fall of Persian empire |
Gaugamela went really well-a (for Alexander, that is)
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Kleitos
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-one of Alexander's companions
-saved Alexander's life at Battle of Granicus -after Philotas' death, received command of half of Companion cavalry -disliked Alexander's cultural fusion policies -killed by Alexander in drunken quarrel in 328 B.C. |
another instance of one of Alexander's less fine moments
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Pella
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-birthplace of Alexander
-largest city of 4th century Macedon -near Aigai -gridded city plan |
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Nysa
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-city in western India said to have been founded by Dyonisos
-Arrian says that Alexander granted inhabitants' pleas for freedom -Alexander was happy about reaching and surpassing the furthest point of Dyonisos' wanderings |
Alexander was Nysa to the people here
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Poros (Good)
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-Indian king
-defeated by Alexander at Battle of the Hydapses in 326 B.C. -tall and beautiful -Alexander made him client king and extended rule |
he was either really tall or really really tall
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Poros (Bad)
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-Rival of Good Poros
-fled his kingdom, which was handed to Good Poros |
rival of Good Poros
why can't those two ever get along |
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Battle of the Hydaspes River
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-326 B.C.
-Alexander crossed Hydaspes to attack Poros -Macedonians won, though with many casualties -Alexander secured control of much of Punjab region |
went well-ish
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Eratosthenes
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-(c. 276-105 B.C.)
-geographer who served as a librarian of Alexandria -worked to debunk geographical myths of Alexander historians -Arrian rejects his extreme skepticism |
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The Mutiny at Hyphasis
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-326 B.C.
-Alexander's men refused to cross Hyphasis and march further east -In Arrian's account, Alexander exhorts men to complete world conquest -Koinos speaks on behalf of army -Alexander relents and turns south |
can't win 'em all, Alexander
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Malloi
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-326/5 B.C.
-Indian tribe against whom Alexander campaigned -Ruthlessly slaughtered -Alexander recklessly leaps into Malloi citadel before his men -Is wounded |
Alexander was hurt here
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Gedrosia
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-325 B.C.
-Desert region on coast of Indian ocean -Alexander marched half his men through the desert, perhaps to outdo Cyrus and Semiramis -Army suffered spectacularly in harsh desert -Many casualties |
not a great scene
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Pseudo-Callisthenes (and the authorship of the Romance)
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-Attributed to Callisthenes, Alexander's court historian, by Renaissance manuscripts
-Hold the phone! Callisthenes died before the end of Alexander's campaign. Ergo impossible -Theories: kernroman (seed from earlier account began accumulating material) and bunching together -Bunching theory is more popular: holds that an editor around 3rd century A.D. compiled stories -Third theory emphasizes unity of Romance as folklore text |
Three theories surrounding authorship
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Nectanebo
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-last pharaoh of Egypt
-defeated by Persians in 342 -appears in Alexander Romance as crafty sorcerer who seduces Olympias and fathers Alexander |
Alexander's REAL dad
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Serapis
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-Greco-Egyptian god devised under Ptolemy in the 3rd century B.C. to unify Greeks and Egyptians
-Serapis appears in Alexander Romance, where he prophesizes to Alexander the prosperity of Alexandria |
God unifying Greeks and Egyptians
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Dhu al-Qarnayn (the two-horned one)
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-figure in the Quran identified with Alexander
-righteous ruler who builds a wall to shelter a people he met going east |
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Queen Candace of Meroe
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-legendary Nubian queen
-in the Alexander Romance, Alexander wished to visit the palace of Semiramis -Candace refused to let him enter her realm, so he visited in disguise |
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Gymnosophists
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-Greek for "naked philosophers"
-Arrian, Plutarch and the Romance all tell of encounters between them and Alexander -One of them, Calanus, accompanied Alexander back west |
bunch of cool dudes
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Plutarch
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-(c. 46-120 A.D.)
-Greek writer under Roman rule and part of Second Sophistic -Author of Parallel Lives (Greek/Roman) -Considered reliable source -Concerned with character rather than comprehensive historical accounts |
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Aristotle
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-(384-322 B.C.)
-student of Plato, teacher of Alexander at Mieza -inspired Alexander's lifelong interest in philosophy and healing -In return for tutoring, Philip rebuilt his birthplace, Stagira, which he had formerly destroyed and enslaved. Wasn't that thoughtful of him. |
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Stag(e)ira
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-birthplace of Aristotle
-located on Chalkidiki peninsula -Philip destroyed and enslaved city in 348 B.C., but later rebuilt and resettled for Aristotle |
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Stoa
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-covered walkway lined with columns
-provided shade for shops and socializing often at the edge of the agora -bounding-off of space in this way was typical of Hellenistic architecture |
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