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579 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which species of wood is considered to be the standard when comparing other woods for use in aircraft structure?
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Sitka spruce
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What is the basic difference between plywood and laminated wood?
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Grain in laminated wood runs in the same direction.
Grain in plywood runs 45 to 90 degrees to each other. |
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What kind of glue is recommended for making a repair to a wooden aircraft structure?
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Synthetic resin glue
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How is aircraft plywood prepared for making a compound bend?
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Wood is soaked in hot water until pliable
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How is pressure applied to the glued joint when splicing a wooden aircraft wing spar?
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Cabinetmakers parallel clamps
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How much pressure must be applied to a glue joint in a piece of softwood to produce a strong joint?
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125 to 150 psi
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What is the correct repair to a wooden aircraft wing spar if the wing-attach bolt holes in the spar are elongated?
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Splice in a new section of the spar and drill new holes
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What kind of repair is recommended for a hole in the plywood skin of a wing?
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Scarf patch
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What is the recommended taper for a splayed patch in a plywood aircraft skin?
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5 to 1
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What is the recommended taper for a scarf patch in a plywood aircraft skin?
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12 to 1
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Why should sandpaper never be used when preparing a scarf joint in a wing spar for splicing?
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Dust caused by sanding will plug the pores of the wood so the glue cannot get in to form a good bond
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What is the largest hole in a plywood wing skin that can be repaired with a fabric patch?
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One inch in diameter
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Why are light steel bushings often used in bolt holes in a wooden wing spar?
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Bushings keeps the spar from being crushed when the nut on the attachment bolt is tightened
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How long should a glue joint be kept under pressure when splicing a wooden wing spar?
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At least seven hours
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Are mineral streaks in a piece of structural aircraft wood reason for rejecting the wood?
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No, if there is no evidence of decay
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Which area of a wooden aircraft wing spar must not contain any splice?
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Wing-attach fittings
Landing gear fittings Engine mount fittings Lift and interplane strut fittings |
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How is compression wood identified?
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High specific gravity
Have excessive groth of summer wood Little contrast between the spring wood and the summer wood |
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What is done to a splice in a wooden aircraft wing spar to strengthen the splice?
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Reinforcing plates are glued to both sides of the splice
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Why must abrupt changes in the cross-sectional area of a wooden structural member be avoided?
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It concentrates stresses and can cause failure
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What effect does moisture have on a wood aircraft structure?
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Causes it to swell and crack as it dries out
Allows fungus to develop and cause decay |
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Can northern white pine be used as a substitute for spruce?
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Yes, but must be increased in size to compensate for its lower strength
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Which wood is more inclined to warp, flat grain or vertical grain?
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Flat grain
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How do you detect decay in a wood structure?
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Stick a knife in the suspected area and pry the wood up.
If the wood is good, it will come up as long splinters; If it is decayed it will come up as a chunk. |
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Is a hard knot,1/2in in diameter allowed if it is in the web of a wing spar?
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No, 3/8in diameter is maximum allowable knot, and it must meet severe restrictions
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Are pin knot clusters allowable in aircraft structural wood?
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Yes, if they cause only a small effect on grain direction
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What reference material may be used for acceptable repairs to wood aircraft structure?
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AC 43.13-1B, Chapter 1
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What are three types of fabric that can be used to cover an aircraft?
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Cotton
Synthetic Glass |
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What paperwork must be completed if an aircraft that was originally covered with Grade-A cotton is re-covered using synthetic?
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Covering must be done according to a Supplemental Type Certificate, and a Form 337 must be executed, stating that all materials and processes complied with the requirements of the STC
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What type of rib lacing cord is recommended for attaching cotton fabric to an aircraft structure?
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Waxed linen cord
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Can northern white pine be used as a substitute for spruce?
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Yes, but must be increased in size to compensate for its lower strength
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Which wood is more inclined to warp, flat grain or vertical grain?
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Flat grain
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How do you detect decay in a wood structure?
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Stick a knife in the suspected area and pry the wood up.
If the wood is good, it will come up as long splinters; If it is decayed it will come up as a chunk. |
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Is a hard knot,1/2in in diameter allowed if it is in the web of a wing spar?
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No, 3/8in diameter is maximum allowable knot, and it must meet severe restrictions
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Are pin knot clusters allowable in aircraft structural wood?
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Yes, if they cause only a small effect on grain direction
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What reference material may be used for acceptable repairs to wood aircraft structure?
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AC 43.13-1B, Chapter 1
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AIRCRAFT COVERING
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AIRCRAFT COVERING
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What are three types of fabric that can be used to cover an aircraft?
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Cotton
Synthetic Glass |
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What paperwork must be completed if an aircraft that was originally covered with Grade-A cotton is re-covered using synthetic?
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Covering must be done according to a Supplemental Type Certificate, and a Form 337 must be executed, stating that all materials and processes complied with the requirements of the STC
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What type of rib lacing cord is recommended for attaching cotton fabric to an aircraft structure?
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Waxed linen cord
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How wide should the surface tape be that is used to cover the trailing edge of an aircraft wing?
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3 inches wide
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Why is the surface tape used on the trailing edge of the control surfaces of some airplanes notched?
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So if the wind tries to lift the tape it will tear off at the notch
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What is the purpose of the reinforcing tape that is used between the fabric and the rib lacing on a aircraft wing?
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Keeps the rib lacing cord from pulling through the fabric
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Should a sewed seam in the fabric used to cover an aircraft wing run spanwise or chordwise?
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Both are permissible, but chordwise is preferred
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What is the preferred seam used for machine-sewing pieces of aircraft fabric together?
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French fell seam
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What type of material is used for inter-rib bracing in a fabric-covered wing?
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Cotton reinforcing tape
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What type of knot is used for locking the stitches on a fabric-covered wing?
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Modified seine knot
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What determines the spacing of the rib lacing stitches on a fabric-covered wing?
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Never-exceed speed of the aircraft
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When is the finishing tape applied to a fabric covered wing when it is being recovered?
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After the second coat of dope has dried and the nap of the fabric has been sanded off
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What is the recommended type of repair to fabric-covered aircraft surface when it has an L-shaped tear with each of the legs of the tear more than 14 inches long?
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If the never-exceed speed is less than 150, a doped-on repair can be made
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What type of hand-sewing stitch is used when sewing in a panel of new fabric on an aircraft fabric-covered wing?
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Baseball stitch, locked every eight to ten stitches
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What is the minimum strength to which fabric is allowed to deteriorate before it is considered unairworthy?
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70%
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What is an antitear strip, and when are they required on a fabric?
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It is the same type of fabric used to cover the wings, and is laid over the rib between reinforcing tape and the fabric.
Required for never-exceed speed of 250 or more |
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When are drainage grommets applied when a aircraft is being re-covered?
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Laid into the third coat of dope, at the same time surface tape is applied
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Where are drainage grommets located?
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At the lowest point of each bay.
On each side of a wing rib Underside of wing At trailing edge |
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How is the strength of the fabric on an aircraft structure determined?
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With a FAA-approved punch tester
Pull test a one-inch wide sample of fabric |
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Why are some portions of the structure of an aircraft dope proofed before they are covered with fabric?
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Keeps the fabric from sticking to the structure when the first coat of dope is applied.
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What is done to cotton and linen fabric to protect it from mildew?
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First coat of dope has a mildewcide mixed in it
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How is polyester fabric shrunk on an aircraft structure?
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With heat from an iron or heated blower
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What are two methods of applying the fabric to the wing?
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Blanket and envelope methods
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What material is used to cover the overlapping edges of the leading edge metal to protect the fabric?
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Cloth tape
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What are two methods of attaching the fabric to the aircraft structure?
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Sewing and cement
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How are the winkles pulled out of cotton fabric?
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Wet the cotton with water and allow it to dry
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AIRCRAFT FINISHES
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AIRCRAFT FINISHES
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Why should wooden wing spars be finished with a transparent varnish?
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Allows any decay or rot that develops to be detected
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Why is retarder used in dope when the dope is being sprayed in humid conditions?
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Slows the drying of the dope and keeps it from blushing
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What is used to protect the inside of steel tubing?
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Hot linseed oil
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How thick should a coat of wash primer be that is used on an aluminum alloy aircraft structure?
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Thin enough that is does not hide the surface of the metal
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What happens to an enamel finish when paint remover is applied to it?
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The enamel softens and swells so that it pulls away from the surface of the metal
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What should be done to an aircraft surface that is covered with paint remover to give the remover the maximum amount of time to soak into the old finish?
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Surface should be covered with a piece of paint drop cloth. This will keep the solvents from evaporating before they have time to penetrate the paint film.
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When mixing epoxy paint, should the converter be added to the resin or the resin to the converter?
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Converter should be added to the resin
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What is the general reason for runs and sags in a finish that is being sprayed onto a flat surface?
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Too much paint is being applied
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What can be done to remedy blushing that has formed on a doped surface that has just been sprayed?
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Spray a very light mist coat of a mixture of one part retarder to two parts of thinner over the blushed area. Allow to dry and spray on another coat. If this dose not work sand off old dope and spray new.
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How can a vinyl film decal be removed from an aluminum alloy surface?
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Pour some MEK on a cloth and rub over the decal until soft, and then scrape off with a plastic scraper
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What safety precaution must be observed when sweeping a paint room that has dried dope or lacquer over-spray on the floor?
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Wet the floor down before sweeping to prevent static electricity
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When an aircraft is being re-covered, when is fungicidal dope applied to the fabric?
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With the first coat of dope that is brushed into the fabric
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What will happen if dope is sprayed over an enameled surface?
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The thinner in the dope will penetrate the enamel surface and cause to swell
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What are three types of primer that may be used when painting?
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Zinc chromate
Wash Epoxy |
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How is the finish removed from a fiberglass aircraft component?
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Finish must be sanded off. Paint remover can soften the resin of which the component is made.
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What are the two types of dope that are used on fabric-covered aircraft?
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Nitrate dope
Butyrate dope |
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What kind of dope is used on polyester synthetic fabric that has been heat-shrunk on the structure?
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Nontautening butyrate dope
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What type of thinner is used with zinc chromate primer?
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Toluol or toluene
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Where are the registration marks required to be placed on a fixed-wing aircraft?
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On a vertical tail of on the side of the fuselage
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What is the generally required dimensions of the "N" numbers?
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12in tall and 2/3 as wide as they are high. The letters M and W may be as wide as they are high. Number 1 is 1/6 as wide as high.
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What is the regulation regarding color of the "N" numbers?
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The color must contrast with the background and be legible
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What is a rejuvenator?
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It softens a dried surface film and restores resilience to the film
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Does rejuvenator restore strength to the fabric?
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No, if only restores resilience to the finish
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Why is the first coat of dope brushed onto the fabric?
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To ensure thorough penetration and encapsulation of all of the fibers
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What is the most common cause for dope roping?
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Dope was improperly thinned or it was too cold
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What causes pinholes in a dope finish?
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Excessive atomizing air pressure on the spray gun
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Why should the first coat of dope be thinned?
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To ensure thorough penetration and encapsulation of all of the fibers
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Why is aluminum pigmented dope used on a fabric-covered
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To protect the clear dope and the fabric from the harmful effects of the sun
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What may be done to the surface to prevent filiform corrosion beneath the topcoat?
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Be sure that the primer is properly and completely cured
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What is a cause of poor adhesion between the topcoat and the fill coats on a fabric surface?
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Too much aluminum powder in the aluminum pigmented dope
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What is a cause of a rough finish on a freshly sprayed surface?
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Too much aluminum powder on the spray gun
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What causes orange peel, or spray mottle, in a finish?
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Incorrect paint viscosity or improper setting of the spray gun
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What causes blushing in a dope finish?
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Too high humidity
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What causes fisheyes in the finish?
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Localized surface contamination
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SHEET METAL STRUCTURES
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SHEET METAL STRUCTURES
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What are three requirements for a repair to a piece of sheet metal aircraft structure?
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Must restore the lost strength and rigidity, and it must not change the aerodynamic shape of the part
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When making a riveted repair to an aircraft sheet metal structure, which should be the stronger, the shear strength of the rivet, or the bearing strength of the metal sheet?
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The two strengths should be close, but the bearing strength of the sheet should be greater
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What kind of stress is in the upper skin of an aircraft wing in flight?
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Compression
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What type of device is a Cleco fastener?
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A fastener that is inserted into rivet holes and is used to hold two pieces of sheet metal together until they can be riveted
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What is the main function of throatless shears in an aircraft sheet metal shop?
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Cut mild carbon steel up to 10-gage, and stainless steel up to 12-gage. Used to cut irregular curves in the metal
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What is the purpose of a sight line when laying out sheet metal to be bent in a cornice brake?
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Allows the jaws of the brake to be positioned so the bend made will start at the bend tangent line
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What kind of metal forming is done by a slip roll former?
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Simple curves with a large radius
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What kind of metal forming is done by bumping?
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Compound curves in sheet metal
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What must be done to the flanges of an angle for it to be curved?
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Must be stretched for a convex curve and shrunk for a concave curve
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What is meant by the bend allowance used in making a bend in a piece of sheet metal?
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The amount of metal that is actually used in making the bend in a piece of sheet metal
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What determines the minimum bend radius that can be used with a piece of sheet metal?
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The thickness of the material and its hardness
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What is meant by setback when bending a piece of sheet metal in a cornice brake?
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Is the distance the jaws of the brake must be set back from the mold line to form the bend
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Why are the lightening holes in a sheet metal wing rib flanged?
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Gives the rib rigidity
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When hand-forming a piece of sheet metal that has a concave curve,should the forming be started in the center of the curve, or at its edges?
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Start at the edges and work toward the center
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What is meant by a joggle in a piece of sheet metal?
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A small offset near the edge of a piece of sheet metal that allows the sheet to overlap another piece of metal
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When drilling stainless steel, should the drill be turned fast or slow?
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Turned slowly
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What is the minimum edge distance allowed when installing rivets in a piece of aircraft sheet metal structure?
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Two times the diameter of the rivet
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What is the recommended transverse pitch to use when making a riveted two-row splice in a piece of sheet metal?
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3/4 of the pitch of the rivets in the rows
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Why should aluminum alloy rivets be driven with as few blows as is practical?
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Excessive hammering will work-harden the rivets and make them difficult to drive
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What determines whether a piece of sheet metal should be dimpled or countersunk when installing flush rivets?
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The thickness of the sheet
Countersunk should only be done if the thickness of the sheet is greater than the thickness of the rivet head |
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What type of metal should be hot-dimpled?
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7075-T6 and 2024-T81 aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys
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What kind of repair can be made to a small damage of the core material and one face sheet of a piece of aluminum alloy honeycomb structure?
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A potted compound repair
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What special precautions must be taken when repairing a radome?
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Nothing must be done to the radome that will affect its electrical transparency or its aerodynamic strength
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How is the point of a twist drill ground that is to be used for drilling transparent acrylic?
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Cutting edge should be dubbed off to a zero rake angle, and the included angle of the tip should be ground to 140 degrees
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What causes crazing in a piece of transparent acrylic?
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Uneven stresses in the material, usually caused by heat
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What is the purpose of anodizing a piece of aluminum alloy, and how is it applied?
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Anodizing is a protective oxide film that is deposited on the surface of aluminum alloy by an electrolytic process
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What should be done to protect a riveted joint between aluminum alloy and magnesium alloy from corrosion?
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Coat the faying surface with a corrosion-inhibiting primer, dip the rivets in the primer and drive them while the primer is wet.
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Which stringer attached to a wing skin would require the greatest number of rivets for a splice?
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A stringer in the lower surface
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What type of rivet may be used to replace a round head rivet in an aircraft structure?
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Universal head rivet
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How long should a rivet be to join two pieces of sheet metal?
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The combined thickness of the metal sheets plus 1-1/2 times the rivet shank diameter
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Should a riveted joint fail in shear or in bearing?
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It should fail in shear. The rivets should shear before the sheet tears at the rivet holes
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What is the purpose of the beehive spring on a rivet gun?
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It holds the rivet set in the gun and allows the gun to vibrate the set
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For maximum strength of a formed sheet metal fitting, should the bend be made along or across the grain of the metal?
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Across the grain
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What is a mold line in the development of a flat pattern for a formed metal part?
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An extension of the flat sides beyond the radius
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What is the bend tangent line?
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A line in a flat pattern layout at which the bend starts
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What is meant by bend allowance?
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The actual amount of metal in a bend. It is the distance between the bend tangent lines in a flat pattern layout
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How can water entrapped in a honeycomb structure be detected?
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By the use of radiographic inspection
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What effect can entrapped moisture have on metal honeycomb structure?
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Entrapped water can cause corrosion
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What is the simplest way to detect delamination in a composite structure?
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Tap the surface with a coin. If the material is sound, the tapping will result in a clear ringing sound; but if it is delaminated, the sound will be a dull thud
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What type of nondestructive inspection is suitable for detecting internal damage in honeycomb material?
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Ultrasonic inspection
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What is a warp clock in a structural repair manual?
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An alignment indicator to show the orientation of the plies of a composite material. The ply direction is shown in relation to a reference direction
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What are two advantages of laminated construction over riveted sheet metal?
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Light weight and rigidity
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What are two popular types of core material used in laminated structure?
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Foam and honeycomb
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What are two popular types of matrix used in laminated structure?
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Polyester and epoxy resins
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What are the two parts of a polyester matrix material?
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Resin and catalyst
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What are the two parts of an epoxy matrix material?
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Resin and hardener
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What are the two types of resins used in aircraft construction?
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Thermoplastic and thermosetting
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What is necessary to cure a thermosetting resin?
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Heat
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What are three materials that may be used to reinforce the matrix material for structures?
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Fiberglass
Kevlar Graphite |
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What is meat by a unidirectional fabric?
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All of the major fibers run in the same direction
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What is meat by the ribbon direction of a honeycomb material?
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The direction in a piece of honeycomb material that is parallel to the length of the strips of material that make up the core
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What are two types of repair to a damaged honeycomb core composite material?
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Room-temp cure repair and hot-bond repair
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What is meant by the shelf life of a material?
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Normal length of time a material can be expected to keep its usable characteristics if it is stored and not used
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What is meant by the pot life of a resin?
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The length of time a resin will remain workable after the catalyst has been added
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What document lists the safety hazards associated with a resin used in composite structure?
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The Material Safety Data Sheet for that resin
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Of what class of resins are aircraft windows and windshields made?
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Thermoplastics
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What type of transparent plastic material is used for most aircraft windshields?
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Acrylic plastic
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How should sheets of transparent plastic material be stored?
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Leave the protective paper on and store it tilted approximately 10 degrees from vertical
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How tight should the screws be tightened when installing an acrylic windshield in a channel?
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Tighten the screw to a firm fit and back it off one full turn
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What type of material is used to remove surface damage to a piece of acrylic resin?
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Micro-Mesh abrasive sheets
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WELDING
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WELDING
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Why is TIG welding preferred over oxyacetylene welding for building and repairing welded steel tube aircraft structure?
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The heat is concentrated in the weld and does not cause as much distortion as gas welding
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What are two types of electric resistance welding used in aircraft construction?
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Spot welding and seam welding
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Why is it important that the pressure of the gas in an acetylene cylinder be kept low?
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Acetylene gas becomes unstable when it is kept under pressure of more than about 15 psi
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What determines the amount of heat that is put into a weld by an oxy-acetylene torch?
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Size of the orifice in the torch tip
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What is the difference in the appearance of and oxidizing flame, a neutral flame, and a reducing flame produced by an oxy-acetylene torch?
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Oxidizing flame has a pointed inner cone and makes a hissing noise
Neutral flame has a rounded inner cone and is no feather around the inner cone Reducing flame has a definite feather around the inner cone |
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What is meant by tack welding?
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The use of small welded spots to hold the material together until the final bead is run
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Why must thick plates be preheated before they are welded?
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To minimize the stresses that are caused when welding thick metal
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Why is it important that all traces of the welding flux be removed after a piece of aluminum or magnesium is welded?
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Welding flux is corrosive and it must be removed to keep the metal from corroding
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What is the function of the inert gas that is used in TIG and MIG welding?
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It forms a shield to keep oxygen away from the weld puddle so oxides cannot form and weaken the weld
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What is the difference between brazing and welding?
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Brazing: the base metal is not melted, but is covered with a low-melting-point alloy.
Welding: the base metal is melted |
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What is used as the electrode in TIG welding?
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A small-diameter tungsten wire
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Is a heat-treated steel part normally repairable by welding?
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No, welding destroys the heat treatment
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What is the function of the flux in brazing and soldering?
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Flux covers the cleaned and heated metal to keep oxygen away. Oxides keep the solder or brazing from adhering to the surface of the metal
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What kind of solder is recommended for soldering electrical wires?
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60/40 resin-core solder
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What kind of flame should be used when gas welding aluminum?
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Soft neutral oxy-hydrogen flame
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What is an acceptable acetylene line pressure to use when welding with an oxyacetylene rig?
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about 5 psi
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What kind of flame should be used when gas welding stainless steel?
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Slightly carburizing flame
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How much should the bead penetrate the material when welding two pieces of steel with a butt weld?
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100% penetration
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What is meant by a soft flame?
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Is when the pressure of the gas is low enough that the flame does not make a noise and does not blow the puddle
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What must be done to an aircraft fuel tank before it can be repaired by welding?
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Purge the tank with steam for at least 30 min, or by filling it with nitrogen or carbon dioxide
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What are the two fuel gases most generally used for gas welding?
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Oxygen and acetylene
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What fuel gases are used for welding aluminum?
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Oxygen and hydrogen
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What are two types of torches used in gas welding?
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Balanced-pressure torches and injector torches
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What color lenses are used for gas welding steel?
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Green or brown
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What color lenses are used for welding aluminum?
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Blue
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What is one method of minimizing distortion when making a long butt weld?
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Skip welding minimizing distortion.
Tack weld the materials together and then complete the welds between the tacks, starting at a tack and working back toward the finished weld |
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What must be done to an aircraft structure after it has been welded while clamped in a heavy jig or fixture?
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It must be normalized by heating it to a uniform red heat and allowed to cool slowly in still air
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What is another name for GTA welding?
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TIG
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What type of shielding gases are used for GTA or TIG welding?
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Helium and argon
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What are three types of power that can be used for GTA welding?
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DC-straight polarity and DC-reverse polarity, and AC
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Which type of power provides the greatest heat and deepest penetration in GTA welding?
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DC- straight polarity
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Which type of power is used for GTA welding aluminum and magnesium?
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DC-reverse polarity
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What type of repair can be used when a steel structural tube is dented to more than 1/4 of its circumference?
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A patch may be welded over the damage
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What type of repair can be used when a steel structural tube is dented at a cluster?
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A patch may be welded over the damaged area with fingers extending up along each member of the cluster
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What is the preferred method of splicing a new piece of tubing into a structure?
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An inner sleeve splice
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How is the inner sleeve tube held in the structural tube until the gap is welded?
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It is held in place with rosette welds
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What is one limitation of using an outer-sleeve splice in an aircraft structure?
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This type of splice is not suitable where it would cause bulge in the fabric
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How should the ends of an outer-sleeve be cut?
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30 degree fishmouth
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What is the composition of 60/40 solder?
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60% tin and 40% lead
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Why must acid-core solder never be used on electrical wire?
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The acid causes the wire to corrode
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ASSEMBLY AND RIGGING
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ASSEMBLY AND RIGGING
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Why is it important that the leading edge of a wing and the upper surface of the forward half of the wing be kept free of dents and any dirt or contamination?
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The air flowing over this portion of the wing must be smooth to produce maximum amount of lift. If this area is rough or dirty, the air flow will be distorted and lift will be lost
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What is meant by the angle of attack of an airplane?
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The acute angle that is formed between the chord line of an airfoil and the relative wind
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What are the four basic forces that act on an aircraft in flight?
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Lift, weight (gravity), thrust and drag
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What is meant by the angle of incidence of an airplane wing?
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The acute angle that is formed between the chordline of an airfoil and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft on which it is mounted
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What causes parasite drag on an airplane?
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The friction of the air flowing over the surface
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Name the three axes of an airplane and the control that rotates the airplane about each of its three axes.
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Longitudinal axis = ailerons
Lateral axis = elevators Vertical axis = rudder |
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Does the lift that is produced by the horizontal tail surfaces of an airplane act upward or downward in normal flight?
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Downward
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What is the function of lateral dihedral in the wings of an airplane?
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Gives roll stability, or stability about the longitudinal axis
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What is the purpose of stall strip on an airplane wing?
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causes the root of the wing to stall first before the ailerons
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What is the function of a sevo tab on an aircraft control surface?
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Produces an aerodynamic force on a control surface that aids the pilot in moving the surface
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Why do most high-performance aircraft use slotted flaps?
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They can be deflected to a greater angle than other types of flaps before the airflow over their surface breaks away
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What is the purpose of a movable slat in the leading edge of some airplane wings?
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When the angle of attack becomes high, the slat moves out of the leading edge of the wing and forms a duct which forces air back over the top of the wing delaying a stall
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What causes dissymmetry of lift produced by the rotor of a helicopter?
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The forward speed of the helicopter produces this. The rotor blade which is traveling forward as the helicopter is flying produces more lift than the blade that is traveling rearward
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Why do single-rotor helicopters use an auxiliary rotor on their tail?
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To counteract the torque produced by the main rotor
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Why is it important that the leading edge of a supersonic wing be kept free from dents and damage?
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A sharp leading edge allows an oblique shock wave to attach to the airfoil in supersonic flight. If the leading edge is dented or blunt, a normal shock wave will form and slow the air immediately behind it to a subsonic velocity
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What is the purpose of vortex generators on the wing of a high-speed airplane?
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They pull high-energy air down to the surface of the wing and keep shock-induced separation from occurring
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Why are the control cables of large airplanes normally equipped with automatic tension regulators?
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Because the different temps make the whole aircraft contract and cause the cables to be dangerously loose
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Why is it important that the blades of a helicopter rotor system be in track?
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Vertical vibration can develop
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Why is it important that any repairs to control surfaces of an airplane not change their original condition of balance about their hinge line?
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If they are out of balance they can flutter. Flutter normally tears the surface of the aircraft
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In what FAA publication could you find correct control surface movement for a particular airplane?
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TCDS for the airplane
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What is the purpose of an aileron balance cable?
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It ties the ailerons together in such a way that when one aileron deflects downward the other one is pulled upward
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What is meant by differential travel?
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Aileron movement in which the upward-moving aileron deflects a greater distance than the one moving downward. The up aileron produces parasite drag to counteract the induced drag produced by the down aileron
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What is a Frise aileron?
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An aileron with its hinge line set back from the leading edge so that when it is deflected upward, part of the leading edge projects below the wing and produces parasite drag to help overcome adverse yaw
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How much is a fairlead allowed to deflect a control cable?
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No more than 3 degrees
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What is the function of the collective pitch control of a helicopter?
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It changes the pitch of all the blades at the same time. The collective pitch controls the vertical flight of the helicopter
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What is the function of the cyclic pitch control?
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It changes the pitch of the rotor blades at a particular point in their rotation to tilt the plane of the rotor. The cyclic pitch controls the lateral movement of the helicopter
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What is the purpose of the stabilizer system in a helicopter?
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A helicopter is statically stable but dynamically unstable. The stabilizer system restores the helicopter to level flight when outside forces cause it to pitch or roll
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What is meant by a fully articulated rotor system?
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It is a rotor system in which the individual blades are free to flap, drag, and feather
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|
What is usually the cause of high frequency vibration?
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The engine, cooling fan, or tail rotor
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What is the most effective way to check a helicopter rotor for dynamic balance?
|
Use a special computerized analyzer/balancer
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Where can you find the specifications for balancing the control surfaces of an airplane?
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In the aircraft maintenance manual
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What in addition to static unbalance can cause a control surface to flutter?
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Worn hinges or improperly adjusted control cable tension
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Where can you find instructions for jacking one wheel of an aircraft to change a tire?
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Maintenance manual
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Where can you find instructions for jacking the complete aircraft to perform a landing gear retraction test?
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Maintenance manual
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Where can you find instructions for hoisting an aircraft to replace wheels with floats?
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Maintenance manual
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AIRFRAME INSPECTION
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AIRFRAME INSPECTION
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What must the mechanic furnish the owner or operator of an aircraft it the aircraft he is giving a 100-hr inspection to that proves to be unairworthy?
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A signed and dated list of all the discrepancies that keep the aircraft from being airworthy
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Where can you find the recommended statement to use for recording the approval or disapproval of an aircraft for return to service after a 100-hr inspection?
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14 CFR 43.11
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Under what conditions can a aircraft be operated with a 100-hr inspection overdue?
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No more than 10 hrs after an inspections is due for the purpose of flying it to a place where the inspection can be performed
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For how long can an aircraft be operated if a 100-hr inspection is overdue?
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For no more than 10 hrs. This time beyond the 100 hr allowed must be subtracted from the time before the next inspection is due
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|
Under what conditions can an aircraft that is due an annual inspection be operated?
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In can only be flown when a special flight permit is issued
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What certification is required for a mechanic to be able to approve an aircraft for return to service after a 100-hr inspection?
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mechanic with an A&P ratings
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What determines whether or not an aircraft must be given a 100-hr inspection?
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If the aircraft is for hire
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What is the difference between an annual inspection and a 100-hr?
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The inspection is identical. An annual inspection can be performed only by an A&P with IA. 100-hr can be performed by an A&P with no IA.
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What certification is required for a mechanic to conduct an annual inspection and approve the aircraft for return to service after the inspection?
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A&P with IA
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|
Does the FAA require that a checklist be used when conducting and annual or 100-hr?
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Yes, according to 14 CFR 43.15(c)(1)
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What certification is required for a mechanic to conduct a progressive inspection?
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A&P with IA
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Where can you find the requirements for inspecting the altimeter and static system of aircraft that are operated under Instrument Flight Rules?
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14 CFR Part 43 Appendix E
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Where can you find the requirements for inspecting the ATC transponder that is installed in an aircraft?
|
14 CFR Part 43 Appendix F
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What is a progressive inspection?
|
Same as an annual but approved by the FAA to be performed on a schedule that does not require the aircraft to be out of service for the time it takes to do the entire inspection
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|
What items must be inspected on a helicopter in accordance with the instructions for Continued Airworthiness?
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The drive shafts or similar systems, the main rotor transmission gear box, the main rotor and center section, the auxiliary rotor
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|
Must all manufacturer's service letters, instructions, and bulletins be complied with on an annual or 100-hr inspection?
|
Not unless they have been incorporated into an airworthiness directive
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For how long must the record of a 100-hr inspection be retained in the aircraft maintenance records?
|
For one year, or until the next 100-hr inspection is completed
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For how long must the record of the current status of life-limited parts of an engine be retained?
|
This part of the permanent records and it must be retained and transferred with the aircraft when sold
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|
LANDING GEAR SYSTEMS
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LANDING GEAR SYSTEMS
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|
What takes up the landing impact in an oleo shock strut?
|
The metered transfer of oil from one compartment to another inside the shock strut
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What takes up the taxi shocks in an oleo shock strut?
|
Compressed air
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|
How much oil should be put into an oleo shock strut?
|
Deflate the strut completely, remove the filler plug and fill the strut with oil to the level of the filler plug
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What is the purpose of the centering cam in a nose-wheel shock strut?
|
Forces nose-wheel straight back with the strut before it is retracted into the nose wheel well
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|
How does a shimmy damper keep a nosewheel from shimmying?
|
It acts as a small hydraulic shock absorber between the piston and the cylinder of the nosewheel shock strut
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|
What is the purpose of the debooster in a hydraulic power brake system?
|
Decreases the pressure and increases volume of fluid going to the brakes. This gives the pilot better control of the brakes
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|
What should be done to hydraulic brakes when the pedal has a spongy feel?
|
Brakes should be bled to remove the air from the lines
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|
|
What is used in a split wheel to keep air from leaking between the two wheel halves?
|
An O-ring seal
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|
What causes an aircraft tire to wear more on the shoulders than in the center?
|
Operating underinflated
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|
What should be done to an aircraft tire it the sidewalls are weather checked enough to expose the cord?
|
Tire should be scrapped
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Why is it important that some aircraft with retractable landing gear be given a retraction test after new or retreaded tires are installed?
|
New tire could be a different size and get stuck in the wheel well
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|
How is the correct amount of air in an oleo shock strut determined?
|
By the amount the strut extends out of the cylinder when the weight of the aircraft is on it
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|
What should be done with a tire that was on a wheel which was overheated enough to melt the fusible plug in the wheel?
|
Scrap the tire
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|
Where can you find the correct inflation pressure for the tires?
|
Aircraft service manual
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|
What is the purpose of the compensator port in the master cylinder of aircraft brakes?
|
Opens the brake reservoir to the wheel cylinders when the brakes are off. This prevents pressure from building up in the brake lines and causing the brakes to drag
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|
What is the purpose of the shuttle valve in the brake system of an aircraft using hydraulic power brakes?
|
Is an automatic transfer valve and allows brakes to be operated by hydraulic system pressure under normal conditions, but it the pressure is lost, it allows the brakes to be operated by the emergency backup system
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|
How does an antiskid brake system keep the wheels of an aircraft from skidding on a wet runway?
|
It monitors the rate of deceleration of the wheels. If any wheel slows down faster that it should the pressure on the brake in that wheel is released until the wheel stops decelerating , then the pressure is reapplied
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|
Where may the instructions for greasing a retractable landing gear on an aircraft be found?
|
Maintenance manual
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|
Where may a list of the approved lubricants for greasing an aircraft retractable gear be found?
|
Maintenance manual
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|
Where can you find safety precautions for jacking an aircraft for retractable gear inspection and maintenance?
|
Maintenance manual
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|
|
Where can you find the specifications for the type of fluid used to service an aircraft landing gear shock strut?
|
On the nameplate on the strut
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|
What is the purpose of using an exerciser jack when servicing a shock strut with fluid?
|
It moves the piston up and down inside the cylinder to work all the air out of the oil to be sure that the proper amount of oil is in the strut
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|
|
Where can you find a list of brake fluids approved for the aircraft?
|
Service manual
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|
What is used to flush brake lines and cylinders if the system uses mineral-base fluid?
|
Naphtha, varsol, and Stoddard solvent
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|
|
How do you measure the amount of brake lining wear on single disk brakes?
|
Measure the clearance between the disk and the inboard side of the brake housing with the brakes applied
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|
When removing a wheel from an aircraft to change the tire, when should the tire be deflated?
|
After the aircraft is on the jacks, but before the axle nut is loosened
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|
|
What should be used to deflate high-pressure tires?
|
A deflator cap screwed onto the valve-stem, to allow the air to escape the hole in the side of the cap and not the face of the mechanic
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|
|
What is used in a split wheel to keep air from leaking between the two wheel halves?
|
O-ring seal
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|
|
Where are cracks most likely to form in an aircraft wheel?
|
In the bead seat area
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|
What type of inspection should be used to inspect the bead seat area of a wheel for cracks?
|
Eddy current inspection
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|
|
What is meant by the ply rating of a tire?
|
Number of plies of cotton fabric needed to produce the same strength as the actual plies in the tire
|
|
|
What is the function of the bead in a tire?
|
Made of high-strength carbon steel wire bundles and used to provide the strength and stiffness where the tire mounts on the wheel
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|
|
Is it proper to use a tube in a tubeless tire?
|
No, the inner liner of a tubeless tire is rough and it can chafe the tube in normal operations
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|
|
What is the function of the grooves cut into the tread of a tire?
|
They produce the optimum traction with the runway surface
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|
|
What is the most widely used tread pattern for modern airplane tires?
|
Series of straight grooves around the periphery of the tire
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|
|
How should new aircraft tires be stored?
|
In a dark, cool location away from electrical motors or battery chargers
|
|
|
Is it best to store new tires vertically or horizontally?
|
Vertically
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|
|
What is the most important maintenance procedure for aircraft tires?
|
Keep the properly inflated
|
|
|
What should be used to remove oil from tires?
|
Mild soap and warm water
|
|
|
Why should aircraft tire pressure be rechecked after it has been installed for about 24 hr with no load applied?
|
The tire will stretch and the pressure will drop. The proper pressure must be restored
|
|
|
What safety procedure should be followed when inflating a tire on a large aircraft wheel for the first time after it has been replaced?
|
Put the wheel in a safety cage when it is being inflated because of the danger if the through bolts should fail
|
|
|
HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC POWER SYSTEMS
|
HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC POWER SYSTEMS
|
|
|
What are the two basic types of hydraulic fluid that are used in modern aircraft?
|
Mineral base and phosphate base fluids
|
|
|
What kind of filter is a micronic filter?
|
A filter with a special paper element
|
|
|
Does the main hydraulic pump take its fluid from the bottom of the reservoir, or from a standpipe?
|
From a standpipe, while the emergency pump takes its fluid from the bottom of the reservoir. If a break in the system should allow the main pump to pump all of its fluid overboard, there will still be enough fluid in the reservoir to allow the emergency system to extend the gear and actuate the brakes
|
|
|
Why are some hydraulic reservoirs pressurized?
|
Pressurization ensures that fluid will be supplied to the inlet of the pumps at high altitude where there is not enough atmospheric pressure to do this
|
|
|
What is a double-action pump?
|
Delivers fluid with the movement of the pump handle in both directions
|
|
|
Why do most engine-driven hydraulic pumps have a shear section in their drive couplings?
|
If the pump should seize, the shear section will break, disconnecting the pump from the engine and preventing further damage
|
|
|
What does an unloading valve do in a hydraulic system?
|
It shifts the pump outlet fluid from the pressurized system back into the reservoir when the system pressure is high enough. The fluid circulates until the regulator kick-in value drops in pressure, and then the fluid is forced back into the system
|
|
|
What is the purpose of an accumulator in an aircraft hydraulic system?
|
An orifice check valve allows full flow of fluid in one direction through the valve, but restricts the flow in the opposite direction
|
|
|
Where are line-disconnect fittings normally located in an aircraft hydraulic system?
|
In the lines that connect the engine-driven pump to the aircraft hydraulic system
|
|
|
What is meant by a single-action hydraulic actuating cylinder?
|
A linear actuating cylinder that uses hydraulic fluid under pressure to move the piston in only one direction. the piston is returned by a spring
|
|
|
What is the source of the compressed air that is used in a medium-pressure pneumatic system on a turbine-engine powered aircraft?
|
Bled from one of the stages of the engine compressor
|
|
|
What kind of device is used to control the speed of movement of the piston in a pneumatic actuator?
|
A variable orifice
|
|
|
Why do most high-pressure pneumatic systems include a moisture separator?
|
When the pressure of the stored air is reduced to the value that is needed in the system, the temp drops enough to freeze any water that is in the air. The moisture separators remove this water before it can freeze and block the system
|
|
|
What is the difference between an open-center selector valve and a closed-center selector valve?
|
Open-center selector valves are connected in series with each other and fluid flows freely when no component is being actuated.
Closed-center selector valves are installed in parallel with each other and direct fluid under pressure to one side of the actuator, and fluid from the other side of the actuator to the system return manifold. |
|
|
What is used to flush a hydraulic system that uses Skydrol hydraulic fluid?
|
Trichlorethylene
|
|
|
What is used to flush a hydraulic system that uses mineral base?
|
Naphtha, varsol or Stoddard solvent
|
|
|
Where can you find the type of hydraulic fluid that is required for a particular aircraft?
|
Maintenance manual and on a placard on the system reservoir
|
|
|
What is used to remove phosphate-ester base hydraulic fluid from aircraft tires?
|
Soap and water
|
|
|
What must be done to the lines that are disconnected when servicing an aircraft hydraulic system?
|
Capped with correct line caps or plugs.
Never use tape |
|
|
What are two ways aircraft hydraulic reservoirs may be pressurized?
|
By an aspirator in the fluid return line or by bleed air from on of the engine compressors
|
|
|
Why do some hydraulic pressure gages have a snubber installed between them and the hydraulic pump?
|
Keeps the gage from fluctuating
|
|
|
What is the purpose of an accumulator in an aircraft hydraulic system?
|
It holds pressure on the hydraulic fluid in the system. The pressure is held be compressed air of nitrogen acting of the fluid through a bladder, a diaphragm, or a piston
|
|
|
What is a sintered metal hydraulic filer?
|
A surface filter whose element is made of powdered metal fused under heat and pressure
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the differential pressure indicator on a hydraulic filter?
|
It indicates when the filter is clogged and fluid is bypassing the filter element
|
|
|
What is a Cuno filter?
|
Stacked thin metal disks separated by thin scraper blades. The contaminants collect in the bottom of the filter case for future removal
|
|
|
Is a chevron seal a one-way or a two-way seal?
|
One-way seal
|
|
|
To which side of a chevron seal should the pressure be applied?
|
To the open side
|
|
|
Is an O-ring seal a one-way seal or two-way?
|
Two-way seal
|
|
|
How can you be sure of getting an O-ring made of the correct material for a specific hydraulic component?
|
The O-ring must have the correct part number and it must have been obtained from a reputable source
|
|
|
On which side of an O-ring should the backup ring be placed?
|
On the side away from the source of pressure
|
|
|
What should be done to the sharp edges of threads and actuator pistons when installing O-rings?
|
Sharp edges should be covered with paper
|
|
|
What are two basic differences between a hydraulic and a pneumatic system?
|
Fluid in a pneumatic system is compressible and that used in a hydraulic system is incompressible. Pneumatic system has no return line
|
|
|
What are two functions of a low-pressure pneumatic system in an aircraft?
|
Operate the gyros in flight instruments, and inflate pneumatic deicer boots
|
|
|
What type of pump is used in a low-pressure pneumatic system?
|
Vane-type pump
|
|
|
Why do high-altitude aircraft that have pneumatic gyro instruments use pressure-actuated instruments rather than vacuum-actuated instruments?
|
At high altitude there is not enough air mass to drive the gyros at required speed
|
|
|
What effect would a dirty inline air filter have on the operation of pneumatic gyro instruments?
|
The instruments would not get enough air to spin up to speed
|
|
|
Of what material are the vanes in a dry type air pump made?
|
Carbon
|
|
|
What kind of device is used to control the speed of movement of the piston in a pneumatic actuator?
|
A variable orifice
|
|
|
What must be done before a pressurized reservoir is serviced?
|
Bled off the pressure
|
|
|
CABIN ATMOSPHERE CONTROL SYSTEMS
|
CABIN ATMOSPHERE CONTROL SYSTEMS
|
|
|
What are the two main gases that make up our atmosphere?
|
Nitrogen and oxygen
|
|
|
Why are the cabins of most turbine-powered aircraft pressurized?
|
These aircraft fly at such high altitudes that supplemental oxygen would be needed for the occupants it the cabins were not pressurized
|
|
|
Where does the pressurizing air come from on most turbine-powered aircraft?
|
From air bled from on of the engine compressors
|
|
|
Where does the pressurizing air come from on most smaller recip aircraft?
|
Engine turbocharger
|
|
|
What determines the amount of pressurization that an aircraft can use?
|
Structural strength of the aircraft cabin
|
|
|
How is cabin pressure controlled in a pressurized aircraft?
|
The pressure controller modulates the outflow valve to maintain the correct pressure in the cabin
|
|
|
What is meant by the isobaric mode of cabin pressurization?
|
Mode that keeps the cabin altitude constant as the aircraft changes altitude
|
|
|
What is meant by the constant differential mode of cabin pressurization?
|
After pressure reaches maximum value the constant differential mode of operation is the mode that holds the pressure inside the cabin a constant amount above the outside air pressure
|
|
|
What is the function of the cabin outflow valve on a pressurized aircraft?
|
It is controlled by the pressure controller, and it maintains the correct amount of pressure inside the cabin
|
|
|
What is the function of the cabin pressure safety valve on a pressurized aircraft?
|
Prevents cabin pressure from exceeding the maximum allowable differential pressure
|
|
|
Why must pressurized aircraft have a negative pressure relief valve?
|
The structure of the cabin is not designed to tolerate the inside pressure being lower than the outside
|
|
|
What keeps the cabin of a pressurized aircraft from being pressurized when the aircraft is on the ground?
|
Squat switch on the landing gear holds the safety valve open when the aircraft is on the ground
|
|
|
What are two types of air conditioning systems that may be installed on an aircraft?
|
Air-cycle systems and vapor-cycle systems
|
|
|
Where does the warm air come from that is used to heat the cabin of a large jet transport?
|
Warm engine compressor bleed air is used
|
|
|
Where does the warm air come from that is used in small recip aircraft?
|
Shroud around the engine muffler
|
|
|
Where does the fuel come from that is used in an aircraft combustion heater?
|
Aircraft fuel tanks
|
|
|
What happens to a combustion heater it the flow of ventilating air is restricted?
|
The limit switch will cause the fuel to be shut off to the heater
|
|
|
How is the heat removed from an aircraft cabin with a vapor-cycle air conditioning system?
|
Cabin heat is absorbed by the refrigerant in the evaporator, and it is carried outside the aircraft where it is given up to the outside air in the condenser
|
|
|
What produces the cool air in a vapor-cycle air conditioning system?
|
Warm cabin air is blown across the evaporator where its heat is transferred into the refrigerant. The air that leaves the evaporator is cool
|
|
|
Why must air-cycle air conditioning systems incorporate a water separator?
|
The rapid cooling of the air in the expansion turbine causes moisture to condense in the form of fog. This moisture is trapped in the moisture separator before the air is released into the cabin
|
|
|
What is used as the refrigerant in a vapor-cycle air conditioning system?
|
Freon-type liquid refrigerant known as Refrigerant 12, or the more environmentally friendly R-134a
|
|
|
What are three ways supplemental oxygen can be carried in a aircraft?
|
High pressure gas, liquid form, and as a solid in the form of chemical candle
|
|
|
What kind of gaseous oxygen must be used to service an aircraft oxygen system?
|
Only aviators' breathing oxygen
|
|
|
What is used to check an oxygen system for leaks?
|
Special leak detector liquid that is a form of non-oily soap
|
|
|
What is a pressure-demand oxygen system?
|
Oxygen system that flows oxygen to a mask and only flows when the user breaths in
|
|
|
What identification must be stamped on an oxygen bottle that is carried in an aircraft?
|
DOT 3AA or DOT 3H, the date of manufacture, date of all hydrostatic tests
|
|
|
What is the danger of a leak in an exhaust system cabin heater?
|
Exhaust gases contain carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless, gas that can cause incapacitation or death
|
|
|
How can an exhaust system be checked for leaks?
|
Pressurize it with the discharge from a vacuum cleaner and wipe the outside with soap solution. Any leaks will cause bubbles
|
|
|
How can you tell that there is carbon monoxide in the aircraft cabin?
|
Indicator crystals in a CO detector will change color, from a normally bright color to a dark color. At lethal levels of CO it will turn black
|
|
|
What maintenance is required for a combustion heater?
|
Clean the fuel filters and check for fuel leaks
|
|
|
What is the state of the refrigerant as it leaves the compressor?
|
High-pressure gas
|
|
|
What is the state of the refrigerant as it leaves the condenser?
|
High-pressure liquid
|
|
|
What is the state of the refrigerant as it leaves the thermostatic expansion valve?
|
Low-pressure liquid
|
|
|
What is the state of the refrigerant as it leaves the evaporator?
|
Low-pressure vapor
|
|
|
How is the compressor lubricated?
|
Refrigeration oil is mixed with the refrigerant and it circulates through the compressor and entire system
|
|
|
What is the function of the thermostatic expansion valve?
|
Meters just enough liquid refrigerant into the evaporator that all of it will be evaporated by the time it leaves the evaporator coils
|
|
|
How is refrigerant put into the system?
|
Service valves on the low side of the system using a manifold gage set
|
|
|
How should the components in the low side of a properly operating vapor-cycle system feel?
|
Cool
|
|
|
What safety equipment should be worn when charging a vapor-cycle system?
|
Face shield that protects the entire face
|
|
|
Why must fittings in an oxygen system not be tightened to stop a leak when there is pressure on the system?
|
The tubes are expanded due to the pressure; it the fitting is tightened it will likely leak when the pressure is reduced
|
|
|
To what pressure, and how often should DOT 3AA cylinders be hydro-statically tested?
|
Tested 5/3 of their working pressure every three years
|
|
|
To what pressure, and how often should DOT 3HT cylinders be hydro-statically tested, and when should the be retired?
|
Tested to 3,083 psi every three years and be retired after 15 years or 4,380 pressurizations, whichever come first
|
|
|
What kind of lubricant can be used for installing fittings in an oxygen system component?
|
Teflon tape or a special water-base lubricant
|
|
|
What cleaning solutions can be used to clean parts used in an oxygen system?
|
Anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, or freon
|
|
|
What may be used to dry components and purge the lines in an oxygen system after they have been cleaned/serviced?
|
Water-pumped dry nitrogen
|
|
|
What must be done before any maintenance can be done on an oxygen system?
|
Turn oxygen off at the bottle valve
|
|
|
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
|
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
|
|
|
What instrument in an aircraft are connected to the static system?
|
Airspeed, vertical seed, and altimeter
|
|
|
What types of repairs or alterations can A&P make to instruments?
|
None, have to be done by instrument manufacturer or by FAA approved repair station
|
|
|
What is the significance of a red radial line on the dial of an instrument?
|
Never-exceed condition
|
|
|
What is the significance of a yellow arc on the instrument?
|
Caution range of operation
|
|
|
What is the significance of a green arc on the instrument?
|
Normal range
|
|
|
What is the significance of a white arc on the instrument?
|
Safe flap operating range
|
|
|
What is used to warn a mechanic that the glass on an instrument that contains the range marks has slipped?
|
A white slippage mark that extends across the lower part of the instrument
|
|
|
Where can a mechanic find the range markings that are required on the instruments in a particular aircraft?
|
TCDS for that aircraft
|
|
|
What check must be made if a mechanic replaces any instrument that is connected to the instrument static system?
|
The system must be checked for leaks
|
|
|
Why are many of the electrical instruments mounted in steel cases?
|
It concentrates the flux produced by the magnets in the instrument an keeps it from affecting other instruments
|
|
|
Why must an aircraft instrument panel be electrically bonded to the primary aircraft structure?
|
To carry the return current from the instruments into the structure
|
|
|
What error is corrected when an aircraft compass is swung?
|
Deviation error
|
|
|
What fluid is used in an aircraft magnetic compass?
|
Special water-clear fluid that is similar to kerosene
|
|
|
What is the maximum amount of deviation error that is allowed when the compass is installed?
|
10 degrees
|
|
|
What is the maximum amount of leakage that is allowed when checking the static system of an aircraft that is operated under Instrument Flight Rules?
|
Unpressurized aircraft: checked with 1,000-foot indication and must not leak more than 100 ft in one minute.
Pressurized: checked at maximum pressure differential of the cabin. It must not leak in one minute, more than 2% of the equivalent altitude of the maximum differential pressure or 100 ft, whichever is grater |
|
|
Why must the length of thermocouple leads not be altered when installing a cylinder head temp indicator?
|
An instrument operated by a thermocouple is a current-measuring device. The resistance of the thermocouple and its leads must be kept at the value specified for the indicator
|
|
|
What should a manifold pressure gage read when the engine is not operating?
|
Existing barometric pressure
|
|
|
What is the difference between a two-minute and a four-minute turn and slip indicator?
|
2-min: gives a one-needle-width deflection for a standard rate of turn (three degrees per sec)
4 min: gives a one-needle-width deflection for a half-standard rate of turn ( 1 1/2 degrees per sec) |
|
|
What is the difference between a turn and slip indicator and a turn coordinator?
|
Turn and slip is sensitive about only the yaw axis.
Turn coordinator uses a canted gyro which makes it sensitive about both roll and yaw axes |
|
|
What is used as the sensor in the fuel tank for an electronic-type fuel quantity indicating system?
|
Tubular capacitors which extend across the fuel tank from top to bottom
|
|
|
Why is a dual tech used on a single-engine helicopter?
|
One for the speed of the engine and the other is speed of the main rotor. When the needles are married, the clutch is not slipping and the rotor is solidly engaged to the engine
|
|
|
In what units it the tach used on a turbine engine calibrated?
|
% of takeoff RPM
|
|
|
What kind of system is used to measure the exhaust gas temp of a turbine?
|
Averaging system made of a series of thermocouples arranged around the inside of the exhaust duct
|
|
|
What would likely cause the needle of an electrical oil temp gage to peg on the high side of the instrument dial?
|
Probably an open in the bulb circuit that is causing the instrument to see an infinite resistance. The higher the resistance of the bulb circuit, the further the needle movers across the dial
|
|
|
What is used as a flowmeter for most of the small horizontally opposed fuel infected engines?
|
Pressure gage measures the pressure drop across the injector nozzles
|
|
|
What two sources of power are used to operate the gyro instruments in an aircraft?
|
They may be air operated, either by suction or pressure, or the may be electrically operated
|
|
|
What is done to a compass to correct for deviation error?
|
Compensating magnets are adjusted to minimize the effect of outside magnetic fields
|
|
|
Where should the compass correction card be placed?
|
Plain sight for the pilot near compass
|
|
|
What device is used with a wet-pump vacuum system to prevent oil from getting into the deicer boots?
|
Oil separator
|
|
|
What are two types of filters used with a pressure system for gyros?
|
Inlet filter and inline filter
|
|
|
What type of filter is used with a vacuum system for gyros?
|
Central air filter
|
|
|
What two types of pumps are used in the low-pressure pneumatic system?
|
Dry and wet air pumps
|
|
|
What are the vanes of a wet-types air pump made of?
|
Steel
|
|
|
What are the vanes of a dry-type air pump made of?
|
Carbon
|
|
|
How are the vanes of a wet-type air pump lubricated?
|
Engine oil directed into the pump through a small hole in the base of the pump
|
|
|
Why is it important to use the correct gasket when replacing a wet pump?
|
Gasket must have hole for the oil
|
|
|
Why do dry pumps not need to be lubricated?
|
Have special carbon material of which the vanes are made wears away in microscopic to provide lube
|
|
|
What must be done to the gyro pressure system if a dry-type air pump fails?
|
All filters must be changed
|
|
|
Where are the requirements for the altimeter system tests found?
|
14 CFR Part 43 Appendix E
|
|
|
How often should an altimeter be checked if used for IFR?
|
Every 24 calendar months
|
|
|
What are 6 tests that must be made when testing an altimeter?
|
Scale error, hysteresis, after-effect, friction, case leak, and barometric scale error
|
|
|
How much difference is allowed between the altitude indication on the automatic pressure altitude reporting equipment and that on the altimeter?
|
125 ft
|
|
|
To what altitude must altimeters be tested?
|
Highest altitude the aircraft will be flown IFR
|
|
|
What record must be made of a test of an altimeter?
|
Date, maximum altitude tested, name of person approving return to service
|
|
|
To what avionic equipment is the output from an encoding altimeter connected?
|
ATC transponder
|
|
|
What is the allowable difference between the surveyed elevation of the airport and the indication on the altimeter when it is set to the local alt setting?
|
75 ft
|
|
|
Who is authorized to conduct static tests?
|
Airframe rating
|
|
|
What indication on the altimeter shows that the pressure inside the static system has been decreased by 1 in. of mercury?
|
Altimeter will increase 1,000 ft
|
|
|
COMMUNICATION AND NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
|
COMMUNICATION AND NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
|
|
|
Is a certificated airframe mechanic allowed to adjust a communications transmitter?
|
No, you need a license issued by the FCC
|
|
|
Which frequency band is used for most aircraft communications?
|
VHF band between 30 and 300 megahertz
|
|
|
In which frequency band does the VOR equipment operate?
|
VHF band between 108.0 and 117.95 megahertz
|
|
|
What is the preferred location for a VOR antenna on an airplane?
|
Top of the aircraft, along the center line of the fuselage
|
|
|
Which component of the instrument landing system shares the antenna with the VOR?
|
ILS localizer
|
|
|
In what frequency band does the DME equipment operate?
|
UHF band between 962 and 1,024 megahertz and between 1,151 and 1,213 megahertz
|
|
|
On what frequency is the marker beacon signal transmitted?
|
75-megahertz
|
|
|
What do the three marker beacon lights indicate to the pilot?
|
Blue- passing over outer marker on the ILS
Amber- passing over middle marker White- passage over specified location on ILS usually the missed approach point |
|
|
What precautions should be observed when working around aircraft radar?
|
They can do serious injury to persons in close proximity. They can reflect off of near by buildings and damage the radar.
Radar should never be operated within 100 yards or people or buildings. Never operate while being fueled or defueled |
|
|
Which frequency band is used for long range communications from an aircraft?
|
High freq band (2 to 25 megahertz)
|
|
|
What is meant by a transceiver?
|
The unit can transmit and receive
|
|
|
On what two freq does ELT operate?
|
121.5 and 243.0 megahertz
|
|
|
Where is the ELT normally located?
|
In the tail or as far aft as possible, it will least likely to be damaged in a crash
|
|
|
What three components of an ILS are installed?
|
Receivers for localizer, the glide slope, and maker becons
|
|
|
What kind of antenna is used for VHF communications?
|
Vertically polarized whip antenna
|
|
|
What kind of antenna is used for ATC transponder?
|
UHF stub antenna
|
|
|
What is the preferred location for the ATC transponder antenna?
|
On the center line of the belly and away from any other antennas
|
|
|
What kind of conductor is used to connect a VHF or UHF antenna to its receiver or transmitter?
|
Coaxial cable
|
|
|
What two types of antenna are used with most ADF receivers?
|
Directional loop and non-directional sense antenna
|
|
|
Why is it important that all shock-mounted electronic equipment be connected to the aircraft structure with a bonding braid?
|
To carry the return current from the equipment into the structure
|
|
|
Why is it necessary to install a doubler on the inside of the aircraft skin when antenna is mounted?
|
To reinforce the skin so wind loads on the antenna will not cause the skin to flex and crack
|
|
|
What precautions should be taken when installing coaxial cable between a radio transmitter and its antenna?
|
Routing should be as direct as possible, no sharp bends, and kept away from heat that could soften the insulation
|
|
|
What is a BNC connector?
|
Coaxial cable connector that is connected by inserting the guide pins on the male end into slots in the female end and twisting it one quarter turn
|
|
|
What is the basic purpose of an autopilot?
|
Frees the pilot from continuously having to fly the aircraft, and flies with degree of precision. Also couples with nav aids
|
|
|
What are the basic subsystems of an automatic flight control system?
|
Command, error-sensing, correction, and follow-up
|
|
|
What type of device is normally used in the error-sensing subsystem?
|
Gyros
|
|
|
What are three types of servos that are used in the correction subsystem?
|
Hydraulic, pneumatic, and electric
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the follow-up subsystem in an autopilot?
|
It stops control movement when the surface has deflected the proper amount for the signal sent by the error sensor
|
|
|
FUEL SYSTEMS
|
FUEL SYSTEMS
|
|
|
What are two reasons Prist is added to the fuel that is used in a turbojet?
|
Kills the scum-forming bacteria in the fuel tank, and acts as an antifreeze agent
|
|
|
What are two types of fuel cells that are used in modern aircraft?
|
Integral and bladder
|
|
|
Why are fuel tanks divided into compartments or have baffles installed in them?
|
Keeps the fuel from surging back and forth as aircraft changes its attitude
|
|
|
What is meant by an integral fuel cell?
|
The structure itself (like the wing) becomes the fuel tank, which all seams are sealed and fuel tight
|
|
|
Where are fuel system strainers located?
|
One is located in the outlet to the tank, and the main strainer is located in the fuel line between the outlet of the fuel tank and the outlet to the fuel metering device
|
|
|
What are three uses of a centrifugal booster pump that is installed in an aircraft fuel tank?
|
To produce fuel pressure for starting, to keep fuel from vapor locking, and to transfer fuel
|
|
|
What is meant by a compensated engine-driven fuel pump?
|
Its pressure relief valve is acted by the pressure of the atmosphere, and varies its outlet fuel pressure so it will stay a constant amount higher than the pressure of the air that is entering the carb
|
|
|
Why do engine-driven fuel pumps have a bypass valve in them?
|
Allows fuel from the booster pump to flow around the engine-driven pump for starting and supply's the engine with fuel it the engine-driven pump fails
|
|
|
Why must an aircraft fuel valve have a detent in its operating mechanism?
|
Gives the pilot a positive indication by feel the valve is in the full ON and full OFF position
|
|
|
What characteristic of the fuel is measured with the mass-flow fuel flowmeter that is used with turbine aircraft?
|
Density of the fuel
|
|
|
What is used as a flowmeter for a fuel-injected, horizontally opposed aircraft engine?
|
Pressure gage that measures the pressure drop across the injector nozzles in the engine
|
|
|
What is meant by a cross-feed system in an aircraft fuel system?
|
Allows fuel from any tank to flow to any engine
|
|
|
Why do some aircraft have provisions for jettisoning fuel in flight?
|
So fuel can be dumped to decrease landing weight if need to return for landing after take off or in emergency
|
|
|
What must be done to a welded fuel tank before it can be repaired by welding?
|
Purge the vapors with steam or by soaking in boiling water, and by chemically neutralizing the fumes
|
|
|
What safety precautions must be taken before a person enters the fuel cell of a large aircraft?
|
Purged of fumes, wear proper safety equipment, and there must be a person standing by on the outside of the cell
|
|
|
What is meant by a single-point fueling system?
|
Pressure fueling that is done underwing or at a fuel manifold, and then is directed to the proper tank at the fueling station
|
|
|
What gas is used to purge a fuel tank of all fuel vapors?
|
Carbon dioxide or nitrogen
|
|
|
Why do turbojet aircraft normally have fuel temp indicators?
|
To monitor the temp for possible freezing water particles on the filters that could stop flow to the engines. Temp can be keep above freezing by directing it through fuel heater as needed
|
|
|
How is a fuel leak indicated on a reciprocating engine aircraft?
|
Dye that is in the fuel stains the area around the leak
|
|
|
What is the purpose of a drip gage in the fuel tank of large aircraft?
|
Allows a mechanic to check the fuel level in a tank from the bottom of the tank
|
|
|
What safety precautions should be taken before an aircraft is defueled?
|
Truck is properly located
Truck and aircraft are properly grounded All electrical power except needed for defueling is OFF Fuel is returned to proper truck or other container |
|
|
What markings must appear near the filler opening of the fuel tanks on reciprocating-engine aircraft, and on turbine aircraft?
|
Recip- The word FUEL and minimum grade
Turbine- The word FUEL, permissible fuel designations, and the maximum pressure for fueling/defueling |
|
|
What is used as the sensor in the fuel tank for an electronic-type fuel quantity indicating system?
|
Tubular capacitors that extend across the fuel tank from top to bottom
|
|
|
What is the principle upon which the electronic-type fuel quantity indicating system operates?
|
Tubular capacitors extending across the fuel tanks change their capacitance as the fuel level changes. The dielectric constant of the fuel is approximately twice that of air
|
|
|
What is used as a sensor in the fuel tank for the older resistance-type fuel quantity system?
|
Variable resistor with an arm that is moved by a float riding on top of the fuel in the tank
|
|
|
Where can you find the correct part number for the fuel quantity sensor to be installed in a aircraft fuel tank?
|
illustrated parts catalog
|
|
|
When must the fuel quantity system indicate "zero?"
|
During level flight when the fuel tank is equal to the unusable fuel supply
|
|
|
What must be done after a fuel system strainer has been cleaned or replaced?
|
System must be tested for leaks by pressurizing the system with boost pumps
|
|
|
Why is it important to drain all of the fuel sumps before the first flight of the day?
|
Water can condense in the tanks and if must be drained out before safe flight
|
|
|
Is the procedure of draining the sumps with the aircraft in the ground attitude an assurance that all the water is removed from the tanks?
|
No, some aircraft require special procedures to remove all the water, Refer to the Aircraft Flight Manual or POH
|
|
|
How does water appear in the fuel drained from the tanks sumps?
|
Clear globule in the bottom of the container
|
|
|
What color is 100-LL fuel?
|
Blue
|
|
|
What must be done if the sump drains sample shows traces of jet fuel in a recip?
|
Fuel system must be drained and flushed out with proper grade of av- gas
|
|
|
What must be done after a fuel valve is replaced?
|
Fuel system must be checked for leaks
|
|
|
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
|
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
|
|
|
What two things must you take into consideration when selecting the wire size to use in an aircraft electrical system installation?
|
Current carrying capability of the wire and voltage drop caused by current flowing through the wire
|
|
|
What is the maximum number of wires that should be connected to any single stud in a terminal strip?
|
Four
|
|
|
How is a wire bundle protected from chafing where the bundle goes through a hole in a fuselage frame or bulkhead?
|
Edges of the hole are covered with flexible grommet, and the bundle is secured to the structure with a cushioned clamp
|
|
|
What kind of clamp is used to secure a wire bundle to the aircraft structure?
|
Cushioned clamp
|
|
|
Why are solderless splices usually better than soldered in the wiring of an electrical system?
|
Soldered joints are stiff, and vibration can harden the wire and break it.
|
|
|
What size generator must be used in an aircraft electrical system if the connected electrical load is 30 amps, and there is no way of monitoring the generator output?
|
Total continuously connected electrical load must be no more than 80% of the rated generator output.
|
|
|
Why must a switch be derated if it is used in a circuit that supplies incandescent lamps?
|
The high inrush current caused by the low resistance of the cold filaments requires that the switches be derated
|
|
|
On which wing is the red navigation light?
|
On the left wing
|
|
|
What kind of fault can be found in a generator armature with a growler?
|
Shorted coils
|
|
|
Does an aircraft engine electric starter use a series or a parallel motor?
|
A series-wound motor
|
|
|
What is the main disadvantage of aluminum wire over copper wire?
|
Aluminum wire is more brittle than copper. It is more subject to breakage when it is nicked or when it is subjected to vibration
|
|
|
What kind of rectifier is used in the small DC alternators installed in most light aircraft?
|
Six silicon diodes arranged in a three-phase, full-wave rectifier
|
|
|
What kind of instrument would you use to measure very high resistance?
|
A megohmmeter
|
|
|
When is it important that wire bundles be enclosed in some type of conduit?
|
When routed in an area where it is subject to abrasion or rough handling
|
|
|
What size aluminum wire would be proper to replace a piece of four-gage copper wire?
|
Two-gage.
When you substitute aluminum for copper, use a wire that is two gage larger |
|
|
What is the smallest size aluminum wire that is approved for use in aircraft electrical systems?
|
Six-gage
|
|
|
What three things must be synchronized before an aircraft AC generator is placed on the same bus with another AC generator?
|
Voltage, frequency and phase rotation
|
|
|
How can the direction of rotation of the armature of a DC shunt-wound electric motor be reversed?
|
Reversing the connections to the shunt field coil with reference to the armature
|
|
|
What is meant by flashing the field of a generator?
|
Restoring residual magnetism to the frame of the generator. This is done by passing battery current through the field coils in the direction it normally flows when the generator is operating
|
|
|
What is an SPDT switch?
|
A single-pole, double-throw switch
|
|
|
Where could you find the part number of a switch in an aircraft electrical system?
|
Equipment table or bill of materials on the electrical circuit diagram for the aircraft
|
|
|
If no specific instructions are available, which way should the operating handle of an electrical switch move to turn a component on?
|
Forward or upward
|
|
|
What is meant by a trip-free circuit breaker?
|
Circuit breaker that cannot be closed while a fault exists, regardless of the position of the operating handle
|
|
|
What is meant by a slow-blow fuse?
|
A fuse that will allow more current than its rating to flow for a short period of time, but will open the circuit if more than its rated current continues to flow
|
|
|
What is the function of a fuse or circuit breaker?
|
Protects wiring from excess of current. It will open the circuit if enough current flows to heat the wire until the insulation begins to smoke
|
|
|
What circuit in an aircraft electrical system is not required to have a circuit protective device?
|
The main circuit for starter motors, used during starting only
|
|
|
Is an automatic-reset circuit breaker approved for aircraft electrical circuits?
|
No, a manual operation is needed to restore service after the circuit breaker has tripped
|
|
|
What color insulator on a preinsulated solderless connector indicates that the connector is proper for a 10-gage wire?
|
Yellow
|
|
|
What is meant by paralleling the generators in a multi-engine aircraft?
|
Adjusting the voltage regulators so all the generators share the electrical load equally
|
|
|
What are three types of voltage regulators used with aircraft generators?
|
Vibrator, carbon-pile, and solid state
|
|
|
How does a vibrator-type voltage regulator maintain a constant voltage?
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When the voltage rises above the desired value, an electromagnetic relay opens and inserts a resistor in the generator field circuit, decreasing the field current and lowering the generator output voltage
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What two components are normally housed with a vibrator voltage regulator in a single-unit generator control?
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Current limiter and a reverse-current cutout relay
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POSITION AND WARNING SYSTEMS
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POSITION AND WARNING SYSTEMS
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What is an annunciator panel in an aircraft?
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Single location that contains all of the warning and condition lights.
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Which device in an antiskid brake system would likely cause the brakes to fail to release when a skid developed?
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Malfunctioning antiskid valve
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Where are the skid detectors located in an antiskid system?
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Center of wheel hub
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What condition could cause a takeoff warning system to actuate?
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When power lever is advanced for takeoff if the flight controls for the stabilizer, flaps, and speed brakes are in an unsafe condition
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What would cause the warning horn to sound when the throttles are pulled back, reducing the engine power for landing?
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If the landing gear are not down and locked
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What is indicated by a red light in the landing gear position indication portion?
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Gear is not in a safe condition for landing
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Where is the landing gear safety switch normally located?
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On one of the shock struts
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What info is given to a pilot to indicate that all of the landing gears are down and locked?
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Three Green
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What kind of device is normally used as a sensor to detect the condition of a retractable landing gear?
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Precision Microswitch
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What type of system is used to indicate the position of the wing flaps?
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Resistance-type remote indicating system such as the DC Selsyn system
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What info is shown by the wing flap position indicator?
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Number of degrees the flaps are lowered
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ICE AND RAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS
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ICE AND RAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS
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Why is it important that ice not be allowed to build up on airplane wings in flight?
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Ice distorts the shape of the winge destroying lift, and the weight loads the aircraft down
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Are pneumatic deicer boots operated before ice forms or after it has formed?
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After it has formed, and then it inflates and brakes the ice off and the airflow blows the ice away
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Where does the air come from to operated the boots on a recip?
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Discharge side of air pump that is used to operate the gyro instruments
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What is meant by a wet vacuum pump?
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Uses engine oil to lubricate its steel vanes.
A dry pump use carbon vanes and does not need lubrication |
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How are rubber deicer boots cleaned?
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Mild soap and water
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How does a thermal anti-icing system operate?
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Hot compressor bleed air is ducted into a special chamber between a double skin in the leading edge of the wing. This hot air is controlled by a timer so ice is allowed to build up, and then hot air breaks its bond to the skin. Air gets under the ice and blows it away
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What is used to remove frost from a aircraft before flight?
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Isopropyl alcohol and ethylene glycol
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How is ice prevented from forming on the windshield of modern jets?
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It has a heater element embedded in it. Electric current heats the windshield and keeps ice from forming on it
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How is ice kept from forming on the pitot tube?
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Heated electric current flowing through heater elements that are built into them
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What are two ways rain can be kept from obstructing pilot's vision through the windshield?
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Be blown away by high velocity blast of compressor bleed air, or it can be wiped away with electrically or hydraulically operated wipers
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When should rain repellent be used on an airplane windshield?
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When windshield is wet with rain
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How is carb ice prevented?
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Heated air directed into the carb that comes from a muff around part of the exhaust
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How are rubber deicer boots attached to the leading edges of the wing?
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Machine screws and rivnuts or bonded to the surface with adhesive
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What keeps an electrically heated windshield from overheating?
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Heat sensors built into the windshield control the current that is used to heat the windshield
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
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Does a thermocouple fire detection system warn the pilot of a general overheat condition?
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No, it operates on the rate of temp rise, and it identifies only a fire
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Does a thermal switch fire detection warn the pilot of a general overheat condition?
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No, it only actuates when there is a fire
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What type of fire extinguishing agent is best for both cabin fires and engine fires?
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Halon 1301
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What is a major disadvantage of "CB" fires extinguishing agent?
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It is corrosive to aluminum and magnesium
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Why is carbon tetrachloride not recommended as a fire extinguishing agent?
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It produces phosgene, a deadly gas, when exposed to flames
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What happens when the Fire-Pull T- handle is pulled?
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The generator field relay is tripped, fuel is shut off to the engine, and hydraulic fluid is shut off to the pump. The engine bleed air is shut off and the hydraulic pump low-pressure lights are deactivated
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What releases the extinguishing agent in a high-rate discharge bottle?
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Electrically ignited powder charge blows a knife through a seal in the HRD bottle
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What three types of fire extinguishers are recommended for extinguishing cabin fires in an aircraft?
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Water, Halon 1301, and carbon dioxide
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How does a carbon monoxide detector warn the occupant of an aircraft of an excess of carbon monoxide?
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The detector crystals in the indicator change color
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What are two types of smoke detectors that are used in an aircraft?
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Photoelectric and visual smoke
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Where are smoke detectors normally located?
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Baggage compartments and cargo areas
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What types of fire extinguisher is recommended for extinguishing a brake fire?
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Dry-powder type extinguisher
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How is a CO2 fire extinguisher checked for the amount of charge it contains?
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By its weight
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How can you determine whether or not a built-in fire extinguishing system has been discharged?
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Checking the blowout plugs on the outside of the aircraft near the extinguisher bottles
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What precaution must you observe when checking the electrical squib of an HRD fire extinguisher bottle for electrical continuity?
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It takes only a small amount of current to ignite the powder charge, and the method of testing must not send this amount of current through it
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What is indicated if the red disk in a built-in fire extinguishing system is blown out?
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The bottle has been discharged because of an overheat condition
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How is a thermoswitch fire detector circuit checked?
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Close the test switch. If the system is continuous and not shorted, the fire-warning light and bell will actuate
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How is a continuous-loop fire detector circuit checked?
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Close the test switch. If the system is continuous and not shorted, the fire-warning light and bell will actuate
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Does a pneumatic fire detection system warn the pilot of a general overheat?
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Yes, it actuates when there is a fire or a general overheat
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How is the pneumatic fire detection system tested?
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When the test switch is closed, low-voltage AC flows through the stainless steel tube in which the gas absorbing element is housed. This current heats the element which releases gas and actuates the fire warning light and bell
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What type of fire extinguisher is recommended for extinguishing a brake fire?
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Dry-powder extinguisher
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What is indicated if the yellow disk is blown out?
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It has been discharged by the flight crew
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