Air Traffic Basics Block 2

Front 1

Bernoulli's Principle states: "The internal pressure of a fluid ____ at points where the speed of the fluid ____."

Back 1

decreases; increases

Front 2

Regarding helicopters, the cyclic controls the ____ of the rotor blades and the collective controls the ____.

Back 2

tilt; pitch

Front 3

Which of the following does not affect aircraft performance:

weight

relative wind

humidity

Back 3

relative wind

Front 4

A secondary form of lift is a(n) ____ generated by air striking the underside of the airfoil and being deflected ____.

Back 4

upward force; downward

Front 5

An imaginary straight line drawn from the leading edge to the trailing edge of a cross section of an airfoil is called the ____.

Back 5

chord line

Front 6

When ____ and ____ are in equilibrium, the aircraft neither gains nor loses airspeed.

Back 6

thrust; drag

Front 7

What force in flight counteracts lift?

Back 7

weight

Front 8

What is used to determine the angle of attack?

Back 8

chord line and relative wind

Front 9

If a pilot adjusts the pitch and yaw, the aircraft is moving along the ____ and ____ axes.

Back 9

lateral; vertical

Front 10

Relative wind flows in a direction ____ and ____ the direction of flight.

Back 10

opposite; parallel

Front 11

The blades of a helicopter are shaped like ____ and act as ____.

Back 11

airfoil; wings

Front 12

List the three principle airfoils that produce lift on aircraft.

Back 12

• wing
  
• horizontal tail surfaces
• propeller (lift produced in a forward direction)

Front 13

When air density decreases, what occurs?

Back 13

faster landing speed and decreased performance

Front 14

An aircraft's movement around the longitudinal axis is controled by the ____ and it's called ____

Back 14

aileron; roll

Front 15

At approximately what angle of attack will air no longer flow smoothly over the wing's upper surface?

Back 15

15-20

Front 16

What type of icing is an aircraft likely to encounter when flying in temperatures above freezing?

Back 16

carbureter

Front 17

What is the basic purpose of the autorotation maneuver in a helicopter?

Back 17

controlled landing when engine is no longer supplying power

Front 18

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Back 18

Newton's Third Law of Motion

Front 19

What creates the primary source of lift?

Back 19

The pressure differential around an airfoil is the primary source of lift.

Front 20

What creates the secondary source of lift?

Back 20

upward force generated by air striking the underside of an airfoil and being deflected downward

Front 21

the direction of the airflow produced by an object moving through the air

Back 21

relative wind

Front 22

The relative wind for an aircraft in flight flows in a direction _____ and ____ the direction of flight.

Back 22

parallel with; opposite to

Front 23

three parts of an airfoil

Back 23

• leading edge
  
• trailing edge
• chord line

Front 24

the acute angle formed between the chord line of the airfoil and the direction of the air striking the airfoil (relative wind)

Back 24

angle of attack

Front 25

the curvature of the airfoil from the leading edge to the trailing edge

Back 25

camber

Front 26

the shape or form of a wing as viewed from above

Back 26

wing planform

Front 27

upward force created by an airfoil when it is moved through the air

Back 27

lift

Front 28

downward force which tends to draw all bodies vertically towards the center of the Earth

Back 28

weight

Front 29

manmade force that pulls or pushes the aircraft through the air

Back 29

thrust

Front 30

rearward acting force which resists the forward movement of the airplane through the air

Back 30

drag

Front 31

Three key properties of the atmosphere that affect air density and aircraft performances

Back 31

• temperature
• altitude
• water vapor (humidity)

Front 32

As altitude increases, the temperature decreases on average by __ degrees F (__ degrees C) every 1,000 feet until air temperature reaches about minus 67 degrees at 7 miles above the Earth.

Back 32

3.5; 2

Front 33

The average pressure at sea level is ___ psi which corresponds with ___ inches of mercury.

Back 33

14.7; 29.92

Front 34

Pressure _____ with height which results in (more/less) dense air.

Back 34

decreases; less

Front 35

mass of air per unit volume

Back 35

density

Front 36

What effects can increased density altitude (such as in mountainous and high terrain areas with warm, humid air) have on aircraft performance?

Back 36

• longer takeoff roll
• longer landing roll
• slower climb rate
• reduced engine power output
• landing speed increased

Front 37

What effects will a hot day have on aircraft performance?

Back 37

• longer takeoff run
  
• slower climb rate
• faster landing speed
• engine output decreased

Front 38

What effects will a humid day have on aircraft performance?

Back 38

• longer takeoff run
• slower rate of climb
• faster landing speed
• engine power output decreased

Front 39

What is another name for the longitudinal axis?

Back 39

Roll

Front 40

What is another name for the lateral axis?

Back 40

Pitch

Front 41

What is another name for the vertical axis?

Back 41

Yaw

Front 42

A device for propelling an aircraft that, when rotated, produces by its action on the air a thrust approximately perpendicular to the plane of rotation.

Back 42

Propeller

Front 43

Ailerons control what axis of rotation?

Back 43

Longitudinal/Roll

Front 44

Elevator controls what axis of rotation?

Back 44

Lateral/Pitch

Front 45

Rudder controls what axis of rotation?

Back 45

Vertical/Yaw

Front 46

Hinged surfaces normally mounted on the outboard trailing edge of the wings

Back 46

Ailerons

Front 47

Left and right ailerons move _____, but in _____ directions

Back 47

simultaneously; opposite

Front 48

A hinged surface normally located on the rear of the horizontal stabilizer

Back 48

Elevator

Front 49

The _____ is in the aft of the vertical stabilizer.

Back 49

Rudder

Front 50

Which two movements are controlled by the control yoke?

Back 50

Pitch and roll

Front 51

What are the names of the primary control surfaces?

Back 51

• ailerons
• elevator
• rudder

Front 52

small, adjustable, hinged surfaces on the trailing edge of the primary control surfaces

Back 52

trim tabs

Front 53

____ are located inboard on the wing's trailing edge and are used to increase lift.

Back 53

Flaps

Front 54

Flaps increase both _____ and _____.

Back 54

lift; drag

Front 55

In a helicopter, the collective controls the _____ of the rotor blade.

Back 55

Pitch (angle of attack, the greater the blade angle, the greater the lift produced)

Front 56

In a helicopter, the cyclic controls the _____ of the rotor blade.

Back 56

tilt (controls direction of flight)

Front 57

Three primary types of icing

Back 57

• structural icing
• pitot-static system icing
• carburetor icing

Front 58

What type of icing changes the shape of the airfoil?

Back 58

structural icing

Front 59

What icing causes airspeed indicator to become unreliable?

Back 59

Pitot-static icing

Front 60

What type of icing reduces the fuel/air flow to the engine?

Back 60

carburetor icing

Front 61

Affects landing gear, flaps, and brakes on some aircraft.

Back 61

Hydraulic failure

Front 62

Aircraft system failures may occur due to:

Back 62

• electrical failures
• mechanical failures
• hydraulic failure
• engine failure
• engine fire

Front 63

_____ failures include:

• landing gear
• blown tire
• wheel off
• panel off
• flight controls
• windshield
  

Back 63

Mechanical

Front 64

A phenomenon resulting from the passage of an aircraft through the atmosphere.

Back 64

Wake turbulence

Front 65

Wake turbulence includes

Back 65

• vortices
• thrust stream turbulence
• jet blast
• jet wash
• propeller wash
• rotor wash

Front 66

Circular patterns of air created by the movement of an airfoil through the air when generating lift.

Back 66

Vortices

Front 67

_____ are a by-product of wing lift and the most predominant parts of aircraft wake turbulence.

Back 67

Vortices

Front 68

The greatest vortex strength is generated when the aircraft is

Back 68

heavy, clean, and slow

Front 69

The _____ of the aircraft is by far the greatest factor that affects the intensity of wake turbulence.

Back 69

weight

Front 70

When viewing the aircraft from behind, vortex circulation off the wingtip is _____ off right wing; _____ off left wing.

Back 70

counterclockwise; clockwise

Front 71

When are vortices generated?

Back 71

the moment the aircraft generates lift, normally when the nose wheel leaves the ground.

Front 72

When are vortices discontinued?

Back 72

the moment the aircraft stops generating lift, normally when the landing gear has touched down.

Front 73

Vortices from large aircraft do what? (5 things)

Back 73

• Sink several hundred feet per minute, approximately 300 to 500 feet per minute.
• Normally level off 500 to 1,000 feet below the flight path.
• Slowly move outward from their track.
• Slow in descent and diminish in strength with time and distance.

Front 74

When close to the ground and there is zero wind, vortices from large aircraft will move laterally:

Back 74

• Within 100 to 200 feet of the ground
• 2 to 3 knots laterally

Front 75

Crosswinds of ___ knots will decrease or stall the movement of one vortex while increasing the movement of another vortex.

Back 75

1-5

Front 76

The mechanical force a wake vortex has on an aircraft.

Back 76

induced roll

Front 77

Crosswinds of 1 to 5 knots tend to _____ the lateral movement of one vortex while _____ the movement of the other

Back 77

stall; increasing

Front 78

With no wind, vortices within 100 feet to 200 feet of the ground will move __ to __ knots laterally across the ground.

Back 78

2; 3

Front 79

Vortices from large aircraft will sink approximately 300 feet to 500 feet per minute and level off approximately __ to __ feet below the flight path.

Back 79

500; 1000

Front 80

The ability of an aircraft to counteract the effects of induced roll is based on what two things?

Back 80

• The wingspan of the aircraft
• The counter control capability of the aircraft.

Front 81

Counter control is most effective and roll is minimal when the wingspan and the ailerons extend beyond the _____ of the vortex.

Back 81

outer edge

Front 82

In a slow hover taxi or a stationary hover, a helicopter will generate a _____from the main rotors.

Back 82

downwash

Front 83

A hovering helicopter creates a downwash from its main rotors that can travel up to how far?

Back 83

three times the diameter of its rotors.

Front 84

What must a helicopter be ding in order to generate wingtip vortices?

Back 84

forward flight

Front 85

Jet engine exhaust

Back 85

Jet blast

Front 86

Why is the controller not responsible for anticipating the existence or effects of wake turbulence?

Back 86

Wake turbulence is unpredictable.

Front 87

Wake turbulence has the greatest impact on ATC in the areas of _____.

A. damage and money

B. resources and delays

C. increased separation and traffic management delays

Back 87

C

Front 88

Describe CAT I aircraft

Back 88

• 12,500 lbs or less
• single-engine
• propeller-driven
• speed 100-160 knots
• altitude 10,000 feet and below
• climb rate 1,000 ft per minute or less
• small weight class

Front 89

What category aircraft are helicopters?

Back 89

CAT I

Front 90

Describe CAT II aircraft.

Back 90

• 12,500 lbs or less
• twin-engine
• propeller-driven
• speed 160-250 knots
• altitude FL 240 and below
• climb rate 1,000-2,000 ft/min
• small weight class

Front 91

Describe CAT III aircraft.

Back 91

Any other aircraft not described in CAT I or CAT II.

• speed 300-550 knots
• altitude FL 450 and below
• climb rate 2,000-4,000 per minute
• weight class varies

Front 92

Helicopter general performance characteristics

Back 92

• speed 90-160 knots
• altitude FL 200 and below
• climb rate 500-2,150 feet per minute
• weight class small-large

Front 93

Small weight class definition

Back 93

Aircraft of 41,000 pounds or less maximum certified takeoff weight

Front 94

Large weight class definition

Back 94

Aircraft of more than 41,000 pounds maximum certified takeoff weight, up to but not including 300,000 pounds

Front 95

Heavy weight class definition

Back 95

Aircraft capable of takeoff weights of 300,000 or more pounds, whether or not they are operating at this weight during a particular phase of flight

Front 96

What are the three basic wing placements?

Back 96

high, mid, and low

Front 97

What are the three basic wing configurations?

Back 97

straight-wing, swept-wing, delta-wing

Front 98

Pressure _____ with height.

Back 98

decreases