Aicp Planning Movements

Front 1

Conservation Movement

Back 1

George Perkins Marsh in 1870s, Thoreau & Walden. Later embraced by Teddy Roosevelt, Gifford Pinchot, Grinnell. Maximizing long term economic benefits of natural resources. Wise use over preservation. An answer to the typical laissez-faire government approach of the time, but not going as far as environmentalists/preservationists like John Muir.

Front 2

City Beautiful Movement

Back 2

Movement sparked by 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. Focused on Classical Revival architecture, monumental designs, boulevards and park land. Daniel Burnham, FLO, many others. McMillan Plan for DC. Creating moral and civic virtue through design.

Front 3

City Efficient Movement

Back 3

Around 1909, City Beautiful began to give way To City Efficient or City Practical movement. Focus on efficient land use and transportation patterns over visionary beauty. Standardized planning enabling acts. FLO, Jr. Saw planning as an ongoing process rather than one master plan to be implemented. Early roots of desire to zone land. Harland Bartholomew.

Front 4

City Humane Movement

Back 4

Developed in 1930s as a result of Depression.
Focus on jobs and housing as a part of social policy. People-oriented movement halted by the reorientation of national priorities to military matters in the late 1930s and the early 1940s.

Front 5

City Functional Movement

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1940s. Emphasis on functionalism and administrative efficiency.

Front 6

Council of Government Movement

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The Council of Government movement (COGS) begins in the Detroit area with formation of Supervisors' Inter-County Committee. Composed of the representatives of each county in southeastern Michigan for the purpose of confronting areawide problems. It soon spreads nationwide. (1954)

Front 7

Advocacy Planning Movement

Back 7

Paul Davidoff and Saul Alinsky are primary influencers. 1965 article by Davidoff lays out principles. Plural planning. An answer to intense criticisms of rational comprehensive planning put forward by Alan Altshuler. Planner cannot be objective, must choose a viewpoint and advocate for it. If everybody advocates, the final plan will be much sounder.

Front 8

Settlement House Movement

Back 8

Begins in Britain in 1884. Peaked in 1920s there and in US. Jane Addams & Hull House. Settlement houses founded where volunteer middle-class "settlement workers" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the poverty of, their low-income neighbors. Many services provided - daycare, education, health care. Mary Simkovitch.

Front 9

Agrarian Movement

Back 9

Thomas Jefferson & Crevecouer. Agricultural lifestyles are inherently wholesome and valuable. Simplicity, uniformity, very limited govt, religious fundamentalism, morality, selfishness, lack of class distinctions, and the family as the basic social unit.

Front 10

Laissez-Faire Movement

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Adam Smith and theories of capitalism. An unrestricted free market will operate to the ultimate benefit of everyone. Individual hardships were essential to the ultimate economic good of the state.

Front 11

Public Health Movement

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Govt involvement in public health and safety of the worker. Major concerns were: (1) plant safety requirements and maximum work hours, (2) minimum housing standards, (3) provision of light and air in cities, (4) development of recreation spaces for workers. Resulted in Central Park, NYC (FLO, 1866), First New York Tenement House Law (1867), SF ordinance preventing slaughterhouses
(1867).

Front 12

Garden City Movement

Back 12

An anti-urban agrarian/romantic approach to the city predicated on: (1) the
sacredness of nature, (2) the inherent immorality of the city, (3) a return to
the pre-industrial village.
Ideal included (1) satellite garden cities (essentially self supporting), (2) finite population (no sprawl), (3) surrounded by greenbelts (for agriculture), (4) included
concept of land rent. Two garden city projects: Letchworth (1903-1920), Welwyn (1919-1934)
The concept started to take effect in U.S. in 1920s. Completion of Radburn, NJ (1929).

Front 13

Healthy Cities Movement

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Emerged out of a Toronto conference in 1984. World Health Organization program for Europe. A place-based approach to supporting public health. Cities take local ongoing action to improve the built environment through projects, capacity building, political leadership, etc.

Front 14

Broadacre City Movement

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1932. The Disappearing City. Frank Lloyd Wright's vision for the future. Based on garden city ideas, but auto-based. Every family receives one acre. Opposite of transit-oriented design.

Front 15

Social Justice Movement

Back 15

No idea what this is specifically referring to. In general, justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society.

Front 16

Parks Movement

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FLO & Calvert Vaux and the design of Central Park. Horace Cleveland proposed park system in Minneapolis in 1883. Charles Eliot & Sylvester Baxter in Boston - extensive regional park system proposed in 1891.

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Progressive Movement

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A reform movement of the early 1900s. Reaction to corrupt, diffuse political machines and influence of business monopolies. Advocated for strong central executives in govt. Rationalize, professionalize, and depoliticize city government. Used corporate models of management.